Familial Support For Children During The Stressful Period...

Familial support for children. In many cases, parents or other family members are not able to be as supportive to their children during the stressful period surrounding divorce. One study by Amato (1993) noted that divorce is one of the life’s most stressful occurrences, and adults experience significant difficulty in their life adjustment after the divorce, which may impact their interactions with their children. Parents are less emotionally available during this time (Riggio Valenzuela, 2011), and the help and support from family members that are also experiencing distress from these life-changing events are less likely to occur (Kitson et al., 1982). Also, parents’ stress surrounding the divorce is known to impair the quality of their childrearing skills during this time (Amato, 1993). While those surrounding the children are coping with the new life changing events themselves, the children may be left to learn how to handle the divorce with limited support from parents, extended family, and frie nds. The impact on children. Divorce affects many members of the family including children. Statistics show that annually more than one million children will go through the process of divorce within their family per year (Bing, Nelson Wesolowski, 2009). Another study reported that 40% of all children will experience parental divorce during their lifetimes (Arkes, 2013). A significant amount of research has focused on the impact of divorce on children. This study illustratesShow MoreRelatedA Sense Of Autonomy And Self Control Essay1569 Words   |  7 PagesFamilial relationships play a vital role in the lives of individuals. Humans form and foster relationships early on in development. 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Lance Armstrong Ethical Dilemma Case Study - 1806 Words

Ethical Dilemma The decision maker for the ethical dilemma for the lance Armstrong case is Chris Carmichael, the coach. The decisions are: To always overlook the use of PED or to never always overlook the use of PED. These two choices both have undesirable outcomes. To always overlook the use of PED: This option is undesirable because it the discovery of PED usage will lead to termination from the sport, resulting in failed coaching business. Never overlook the use of PED: This option us undesirable because it will mean that coaching business will not develop. Utilitarianism: The stakeholders that have been identified are: Sponsors, administrators, athletes, The UCI, competitors, media, competitors. All reasonably foreseeable†¦show more content†¦For example, if everyone was never to respect contractual agreements no one would have legal obligations to restrict them from behaving in an unethical or illegal manner. The second (Humanity or End in itself formulation): The maxim does not pass the second categorical imperative. To never always respect contractual agreements would result in in people being used as a means to an end. Chris Carmichael is allowing the athletes to use PED as a means to an end because it benefits his couching business. The third (Kingdom of Ends formulation): The maxim does not pass the third categorical imperative because it is not sustainable and cannot be applied as a universal law because it would be considered unacceptable to act in such a manner. Conclusion: The application of the categorical imperative to the maxims: To always respect contractual agreement and never always respect contractual agreement in the Kantian analysis demonstrates that the correct maxim is to always respect contractual agreements. 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Ozone Layer Solid Research Essay Example For Students

Ozone Layer Solid Research Essay Subject: TABLE OF CONTENTSHow to get this FAQCopyright StatementGeneral remarksCaveats, Disclaimers, and Contact InformationTABLE OF CONTENTS1. THE STRATOSPHERE1.1) What is the stratosphere?1.2) How is the composition of air described? 1.3) How does the composition of the atmosphere change with2. THE OZONE LAYER2.1) How is ozone created?2.2) How much ozone is in the layer, and what is a2.3) How is ozone distributed in the stratosphere?2.4) How does the ozone layer work?2.5) What sorts of natural variations does the ozone layer show?2.5.a) Regional and Seasonal Variation2.5.b) Year-to-year variations. 2.6) What are CFCs?2.7) How do CFCs destroy ozone?2.8) What is an Ozone Depletion Potential?2.9) What about HCFCs and HFCs? Do they destroy ozone?2.10) *IS* the ozone layer getting thinner?2.11) Is the middle-latitude ozone loss due to CFC emissions?2.12) If the ozone is lost, wont the UV light just penetrate 2.13) Do Space Shuttle launches damage the ozone layer?2.14) Will commercial supersonic aircraft damage the ozone layer?2.15) What is being done about ozone depletion?3. REFERENCES FOR PART IIntroductory ReadingBooks and Review ArticlesMore Specialized ReferencesInternet ResourcesSubject: 1. THE STRATOSPHERESubject: 1.1) What is the stratosphere?The stratosphere extends from about 15 km to 50 km. In thestratosphere temperature _increases_ with altitude, due to theabsorption of UV light by oxygen and ozone. This creates a globalinversion layer which impedes vertical motion into and within the stratosphere since warmer air lies above colder air, convectionis inhibited. The word s tratosphere is related to the wordstratification or layering. The stratosphere is often compared to the troposphere, which isthe atmosphere below about 15 km. The boundary called the tropopause between these regions is quite sharp, but itsprecise location varies between ~9 and ~18 km, depending upon latitude and season. The prefix tropo refers to change: the troposphere is the part of the atmosphere in which weather occurs. This results in rapid mixing of tropospheric air. Above the stratosphere lie the mesosphere, ranging from ~50 to~100 km, in which temperature decreases with altitude; the thermosphere, ~100-400 km, in which temperature increaseswith altitude again, and the exosphere, beyond ~400 km, whichfades into the background of interplanetary space. In the uppermesosphere and thermosphere electrons and ions are abundant, sothese regions are also referred to as the ionosphere. In technicalliterature the term lower atmosphere is synonymous with thetroposphere, middle atmosphere refers to the stratosphereand mesosphere, while upper atmo sphere is usually reserved for thethermosphere and exosphere. This usage is not universal, however,and one occasionally sees the term upper atmosphere used todescribe everything above the troposphere (for example, in NASAsUpper Atmosphere Research Satellite, UARS.)Subject: 1.2) How is the composition of air described? (Or, what is a mixing ratio?)The density of the air in the atmosphere depends upon altitude, andin a complicated way because the temperature also varies withaltitude. It is therefore awkward to report concentrations ofatmospheric species in units like g/cc or molecules/cc. Instead,it is convenient to report the mole fraction, the relativenumber of molecules of a given type in an air sample. Atmosphericscientists usually call a mole fraction a mixing ratio. Typicalunits for mixing ratios are parts-per-million, billion, ortrillion by volume, designated as ppmv, ppbv, and pptvrespectively. (The expression by volume reflects Avogadros Law for an ideal gas mixture, equal v olumes contain equal numbers of molecules and serves to distinguish mixing ratios from mass fractions which are given as parts-per-million by weight.) Thuswhen someone says the mixing ratio of hydrogen chloride at 3 kmis 0.1 ppbv, he means that 1 out of every 10 billion molecules inan air sample collected at that altitude will be an HCl molecule. Subject: 1.3) How does the composition of the atmosphere change withaltitude? (Or, how can CFCs get up to the stratosphere when they are heavier than air?) In the earths troposphere and stratosphere, most _stable_ chemicalspecies are well-mixed their mixing ratios are independent ofaltitude. If a species mixing ratio changes with altitude, somekind of physical or chemical transformation is taking place. That last statement may seem surprising one might expect the heavier molecules to dominate at lower altitudes. The mixing ratio of Krypton (mass 84), then, would decrease with altitude, while that of Helium (mass 4) would increase. In reality, however, molecules do not segregate by weight in the troposphere or stratosphere. The relative proportions of Helium, Nitrogen, and Krypton are unchanged up to about 100 km. Why is this? Vertical transport in the troposphere takes place byconvection and turbulent mixing. In the stratosphere and in themesosphere, it takes place by eddy diffusi on the gradual mechanical mixing of gas by motions on small scales. These mechanisms do not distinguish molecular masses. Only at much higher altitudes do mean free paths become so large that _molecular_ diffusion dominates and gravity is able to separate the different species, bringing hydrogen and helium atoms to the top. The lower and middle atmosphere are thussaid to be well mixed. Experimental measurements of the fluorocarbon CF4 demonstrate thishomogeneous mixing. CF4 has an extremely long lifetime in thestratosphere probably many thousands of years. The mixing ratioof CF4 in the stratosphere was found to be 0.056-0.060 ppbv from 10-50 km, with no overall trend. An important trace gas that is *not* well-mixed is water vapor. Thelower troposphere contains a great deal of water as much as 30,000ppmv in humid tropical latitudes. High in the troposphere, however,the water condenses and falls to the earth as rain or snow, so thatthe stratosphere is extremely dry, typical mixing ratios being about5 ppmv. Indeed, the transport of water vapor from troposphere to stratosphere is even less efficient than this would suggest, since much of the small amount of water in the stratosphere is actuallyproduced _in situ_ by the oxidation of stratospheric methane. Sometimes that part of the atmosphere in which the chemicalcomposition of stable species does not change with al titude iscalled the homosphere. The homosphere includes the troposphere,stratosphere, and mesosphere. The upper regions of the atmosphere the thermosphere and the exosphere are then referred to as the heterosphere. Subject: 2. THE OZONE LAYER Subject: 2.1) How is ozone created?Ozone is formed naturally in the upper stratosphere by shortwavelength ultraviolet radiation. Wavelengths less than ~240nanometers are absorbed by oxygen molecules (O2), which dissociate togive O atoms. The O atoms combine with other oxygen molecules to make ozone: O2 + hv -* O + O (wavelength * 240 nm)O + O2 -* O3Subject: 2.2) How much ozone is in the layer, and what is aDobson Unit ?A Dobson Unit (DU) is a convenient scale for measuring the totalamount of ozone occupying a column overhead. If the ozone layerover the US were compressed to 0 degrees Celsius and 1 atmospherepressure, it would be about 3 mm thick. So, 0.01 mm thickness at 0 C and 1 at is defined to be 1 DU; this makes the average thicknessof the ozone layer over the US come out to be about 300 DU. In absolute terms, 1 DU is about 2.7 x 10^16 molecules/cm^2. The unit is named after G.M.B. Dobson, who carried out pioneering studies of atmospheric ozone between ~1920-1960. Dobson designedthe standard instrument used to measure ozone from the ground. TheDobson spectrophotometer measures the intensity solar UV radiation atfour wavelengths, two of which are absorbed by ozone and two ofwhich are not . These instruments are still in usein many places, although they are gradually being replaced by the more elaborate Brewer spectrophotometers. Today ozone is measured in many ways, from aircraft, balloons, satellites, and space shuttle missions,but the worldwide Dobson network is the only source of long-term data. A station at Arosa in Switzerland has been measuring ozone since the1920s (see http://www The Salem Community by Miller Essay _Aside_: One sometimes hears that the US government killed the SSTproject in 1971 because of concerns raised by H. S. Johnstons work on NOx. This is not true. The US House of Representatives had alreadyvoted to cut off Federal funding for the SST when Johnston beganhis calculations. The House debate had centered around economics and the effects of noise, especially sonic booms, although there were some vague concerns about pollution and one physicist had testifiedabout the possible effects of water vapor on ozone. About 6 weeks after both houses had voted to cancel the SST, its supporters succeeded in reviving the project in the House. In the meantime, Johnston had sent a preliminary report to several professional colleagues and submitted a paper to _Science_. A preprint of Johnstons report leaked to a small California newspaper which published a highly sensationalized account. The story hit the press a few days before the Senate voted, 58-37, not to revive the SST. (The previous Senate vote had been 51-46 to cancel the project. The reason for the larger majority in the second vote was probably the statement by Boeings chairman that at least $500 million more would be needed to revive the program.).. Subject: 2.15) What is being done about ozone depletion?The 1987 Montreal Protocol (full text available on the world-wide web athttp://www.unep.org/unep/secretar/ozone/treaties.htm) specified thatCFC emissions should be reduced by 50% by the year 2000 (they had been _increasing_ by 3% per year.) This agreement was amended inLondon in 1990, to state that production of CFCs, CCl4, and halons should cease entirely by the year 2000. Restrictions were also appliedapplied to other Cl sources such as methylchloroform. (The details ofthe protocols are complicated, involving different schedules for differentcompounds, delays for developing nations, etc.) The phase-out schedulewas accelerated by four years by the 1992 Copenhagen agreements. A great deal of effort has been devoted to recovering and recycling CFCs that arecurrently being used in closed-cycle systems. For more information about legal and policy issues, see the books by and , and the following web sites:http://www.unep.org/unep/se cretar/ozone/home.htm http://www.unep.ch/ozone/ (European mirror site for above)http://www.epa.gov/docs/ozone/index.htmlhttp://www.ciesin.org/TG/OZ/ozpolic.htmlRecent NOAA measurements show that the _rate of increase_ of halocarbon concentrations in the atmosphere has decreased markedly since 1987. It appears that theProtocols are being observed. Under these conditions total stratospheric chlorine is predicted to peak at 3.8 ppbv in the year 1998, 0.2 ppbv above 1994 levels, and to slowly decline thereafter. Extrapolation of current trends suggests that the maximum ozone losses will be :Northern Mid-latitudes in winter/Spring: 12-13% below late 1960s levels, ~2.5% below current levels. Northern mid-latitudes in summer/fall: 6-7% below late 1960s levels,~1.5% below current levels. Southern mid-latitudes, year-round: ~ 11% below late 1960s levels,~2.5% below current levels. Very little depletion has been seen in the tropics and little isexpected there. After the year 2000, the ozone layer will slowly recover over a period of 50 years or so. The antarctic ozone hole is expected to last until about 2045. Some scientists are investigating ways to replenish stratosphericozone, either by removing CFCs from the troposphere or by tying upthe chlorine in inactive compounds. This is discussed in Part III. Subject: 3. REFERENCES FOR PART IA remark on references: they are neither representative norcomprehensive. There are _hundreds_ of people working on theseproblems. Where possible I have limited myself to articles thatare (1) available outside of University libraries (e.g. _Science_ or _Nature_ rather than archival journals such as _J. Geophys. Res._) and (2) directly related to the frequently asked questions. I have not listed papers whose importance is primarily historical. (I make an exception for the Nobel-Prize winning work of Crutzen,Molina and Rowland.) Readers who want to see who did what shouldconsult the review articles listed below, or, if they can get them,the WMO reports which are extensively documented. Subject: Introductory Reading R. R. Garcia, Causes of Ozone Depletion, _Physics World_April 1994 pp 49-55. T. E. Graedel and P. J. Crutzen, _Atmospheric Change: an Earth System Perspective_, Freeman, NY 1993. F.S. Rowland, Chlorofluorocarbons and the depletionof stratospheric ozone, _American Scientist_ _77_, 36, 1989. F. S. Rowland and M. J. Molina, Ozone depletion: 20 years after the alarm, _Chemical and Engineering News_, 15 Aug. 1994, pp. 8-13. P. S. Zurer, Ozone Depletions Recurring SurprisesChallenge Atmospheric Scientists, _Chemical and Engineering News_,24 May 1993, pp. 9-18. Subject: Books and Review Articles R. Bene*censored*, _Ozone Diplomacy_, Harvard, 1991. G. Brasseur and S. Solomon, _Aeronomy of the Middle Atmosphere_, 2nd. Edition, D. Reidel, 1986 J. W. Chamberlain and D. M. Hunten,_Theory of Planetary Atmospheres_, 2nd Edition, Academic Press, 1987 G. M. B. Dobson, _Exploring the Atmosphere_, 2nd Edition, Oxford, 1968. G. M. B. Dobson, Forty Years research on atmosphericozone at Oxford, _Applied Optics_, _7_, 387, 1968. Climate Impact Committee, National Research Council,_Environmental Impact of Stratospheric Flight_, National Academy of Sciences, 1975. H. S. Johnston, Atmospheric Ozone, _Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem._ _43_, 1, 1992. M. K. W. Ko, N.-D. Sze, and M. J. Prather, BetterProtection of the Ozone Layer, _Nature_ _367_, 505, 1994. K. T. Litvin, _Ozone Discourses_, Columbia 1994. M. McElroy and R. Salawich, Changing Composition of the Global Stratosphere, _Science_ _243, 763, 1989. F. S. Rowland and M. J. Molina,Chlorofluoromethanes in the Environment, Rev. Geophys. Space Phys. _13_, 1, 1975. F. S. Rowland, Stratospheric Ozone Depletion, _Ann. Rev. Phys. Chem._ _42_, 731, 1991. M. L. Salby and R. R. Garcia, Dynamical Perturbationsto the Ozone Layer, _Physics Today_ _43_, 38, March 1990. S. Solomon, Progress towards a quantitative understandingof Antarctic ozone depletion, _Nature_ _347_, 347, 1990. J. M. Wallace and P. V. Hobbs,_Atmospheric Science: an Introductory Survey_, Academic Press, 1977. R. P. Wayne, _Chemistry of Atmospheres_, 2nd. Ed., Oxford, 1991. World Meteorological Organization, _Report of the International Ozone Trends Panel_, Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project Report #18. World Meteorological Organization, _Scientific Assessment of Stratospheric Ozone: 1991_Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project Report #20. World Meteorological Organization, _Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 1991_Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project Report #25. World Meteorological Organization, _Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 1994_Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project Report #37. The Executive Summary of this report is available on theWorld-Wide Web at http://www.al.noaa.gov/WWWHD/pubdocs/WMOUNEP94.htmlSubject: More Specialized References R. D. Bojkov, V. E. Fioletov, D. S. Balis,C. S. Zerefos, T. V. Kadygrova, and A. M. Shalamjansky, Further ozone decline during the northern hemisphere winter-springof 1994-95 and the new record low ozone over Siberia,Geophys. Res. Lett. _22_, 2729, 1995. G. Brasseur and C. Granier, Mt. Pinatuboaerosols, chlorofluorocarbons, and ozone depletion, _Science__257_, 1239, 1992. P. J. Crutzen, The influence of nitrogen oxides on theatmospheric ozone content, _Quart. J. R. Met. Soc._ _90_, 320, 1970. J. W. Elkins, T. M. Thompson, T. H. Swanson,J. H. Butler, B. D. Hall, S. O. Cummings, D. A. Fisher, and A. G. Raffo, Decrease in Growth Rates of Atmospheric Chlorofluorocarbons 11 and 12, _Nature_ _364_, 780, 1993. D. W. Fahey, E. R. Keim, K. A. Boering,C. A. Brock, J. C. Wilson, H. H. Jonsson, S. Anthony, T. F. Hanisco,P. O. Wennberg, R. C. Miake-Lye, R. J. Salawich, N. Louisnard, E. L. Woodbridge, R. S. Gao, S. G. Donnelly, R. C. Wamsley,L. A. Del Negro, S. Solomon, B. C. Daube, S. C. Wofsy, C. R. Webster,R. D. May, K. K. Kelly, M. Loewenstein, J. R. Podolske, and K. R. Chan,Emission Measurements of the Concorde Supersonic Aircraft in theLower Stratosphere, _Science_ _270_, 70, 1995. J. Gleason, P. Bhatia, J. Herman, R. McPeters, P. Newman, R. Stolarski, L. Flynn, G. Labow, D. Larko, C. Seftor, C. Wellemeyer, W. Komhyr, A. Miller, and W. Planet, Record Low GlobalOzone in 1992, _Science_ _260_, 523, 1993. K. Henriksen and V. Roldugin, Total ozonevariations in Middle Asia and dynamics meteorological processesin the atmosphere, _Geophys. Res. Lett._ _22_, 3219, 1995. K. Henriksen, T. Svenoe, and S. H. H. Larsen,On the stability of the ozone layer at Tromso, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys. _55_, 1113, 1992. J. R. Herman, R. McPeters, and D. Larko,Ozone depletion at northern and southern latitudes derivedfrom January 1979 to December 1991 TOMS data,J. Geophys. Res. _98_, 12783, 1993. D. J. Hofmann and S. Solomon, Ozone destruction through heterogeneous chemistry following the eruption of El Chichon, J. Geophys. Res. _94_, 5029, 1989. D. J. Hofmann, S. J. Oltmans, W. D. Komhyr, J. M. Harris, J. A. Lathrop, A. O. Langford, T. Deshler, B. J. Johnson, A. Torres, and W. A. Matthews,Ozone Loss in the lower stratosphere over the United States in1992-1993: Evidence for heterogeneous chemistry on the Pinatuboaerosol, Geophys. Res. Lett. _21_, 65, 1994. D. J. Hofmann, S. J. Oltmans, J. M. Harris,J. A. Lathrop, G. L. Koenig, W. D. Komhyr, R. D. Evans, D. M. Quincy,T. Deshler, and B. J. Johnson,Recovery of stratospheric ozone over the United States in the winterof 1993-94, Geophys. Res. Lett. _21_, 1779, 1994. D. J. Hofmann, S. J. Oltmans, G. L. Koenig,B. A. Bodhaine, J. M. Harris, J. A. Lathrop, R. C. Schnell, J. Barnes,J. Chin, D. Kuniyuki, S. Ryan, R. Uchida, A. Yoshinaga, P. J. Neale,D. R. Hayes, Jr., V. R. Goodrich, W. D. Komhyr, R. D. Evans, B. J. Johnson,D. M. Quincy, and M. Clark, Record low ozone at Mauna Loa Observatoryduring winter 1994-95: A consequence of chemical and dynamicalsynergism?, Geophys. Res. Lett. _23_, 1533, 1996. J. B. Kerr, D. I. Wardle, and P. W. Towsick,Record low ozone values over Canada in early 1993,Geophys. Res. Lett. _20_, 1979, 1993. M. A. K. Khalil and R. Rasmussen, The GlobalSources of Nitrous Oxide, _J. Geophys. Res._ _97_, 14651, 1992. S. H. H. Larsen and T. Henriksen, Persistent Arctic ozone layer, _Nature_ _343_, 134, 1990. M. P. McCormick, L. W. Thomason, and C. R. Trepte, Atmospheric effects of the Mt Pinatubo eruption,_Nature_ _373_, 399, 1995. R. D. McPeters, S. M. Hollandsworth, andC. J. Seftor, Long-term ozone trends derived from the 16-year combinedNimbus 7/Meteor 3 TOMS Version 7 record, Geophys. Res. Lett. _23_,3699, 1996. M. J. Molina and F. S. Rowland,Stratospheric sink for chlorofluoromethanes: chlorineatom-catalyzed destruction of ozone, _Nature_ _249_, 810, 1974. S. A. Montzka, J. H. Butler, R. C. Myers,T. M. Thompson, T. H. Swanson, A. D. Clarke, L. T. Lock, and J. W. Elkins, Decline in the Tropospheric Abundance of Halogenfrom Halocarbons: Implications for Stratospheric Ozone Depletion,_Science_ _272_, 1318, 1996. M. J. Prather, M.M. Garcia, A.R. Douglass, C.H. Jackman, M.K.W. Ko, and N.D. Sze, The Space Shuttles impact onthe stratosphere, J. Geophys. Res. _95_, 18583, 1990. M. J. Prather, P. Midgley, F. S. Rowland,and R. Stolarski, The ozone layer: the road not taken,_Nature_ _381_, 551, 1996. A. R. Ravishankara, A. A. Turnipseed,N. R. Jensen, S. Barone, M. Mills, C. J. Howard, and S. Solomon,Do Hydrofluorocarbons Destroy Stratospheric Ozone?,_Science_ _263_, 71, 1994. Special Section on the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment II, _J. Geophys. Res._ _98_, 4835-4897, 1993. S. Solomon and D.L. Albritton,Time-dependent ozone depletion potentials for short- and long-termforecasts, _Nature_ _357_, 33, 1992. R. Stolarski, R. Bojkov, L. Bishop, C. Zerefos,J. Staehelin, and J. Zawodny, Measured Trends in StratosphericOzone, Science _256_, 342 (17 April 1992) J. Waters, L. Froidevaux, W. Read, G. Manney, L. Elson, D. Flower, R. Jarnot, and R. Harwood, Stratospheric ClO andozone from the Microwave Limb Sounder on the Upper AtmosphereResearch Satellite, _Nature_ _362_, 597, 1993. R. Zander, M. R. Gunson, C. B. Farmer, C. P. Rinsland, F. W. Irion, and E. Mahieu, The 1985 chlorine andfluorine inventories in the stratosphere based on ATMOSobservations at 30 degrees North latitude, J. Atmos. Chem. _15_,171, 1992. Subject: Internet ResourcesThis list is preliminary and by no means comprehensive; it includes a few sites that I have found particularly useful and which providegood starting points for further exploration. Probably the most extensive collection of online resources is that providedby the Consortium for International Earth Science Information Network:http://sedac.ciesin.org/ozone/It includes links to many other documents, including on-line versionsof some of the original research papers. At the present time portionsof the site are very much under construction. Lenticular Press publishes a multimedia CD-ROM (for Apple Macintosh)containing ozone data and images, as well as a hypertext document similarto this FAQ. For sample images and information about ordering the CD,see http://www.lenticular.com/ Note that these samples are copyrightedand may not be further distributed. The NOAA Aeronomy Lab: http://www.al.noaa.gov/ , has the text of the Executive Summary of the 1994 WMO ScientificAssessment, http://www.al.noaa.gov/WWWHD/pubdocs/WMOUNEP94.htmlThe United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP) Ozone Secretariat:Main page http://www.unep.org/unep/secretar/ozone/home.htm (Nairobi, Kenya). Mirror site http://www.unep.ch/ozone/ (Geneva, Switzerland). The US Environmental Protection Agency has an ozone page that includeslinks to both science and policy resources:http://www.epa.gov/docs/ozone/index.htmlSome of the more interesting scientific web pages include:The Centre for Antarctic Information and Research (ICAIR) in New Zealand:http://icair.iac.org.nz/ozone/index.html Environment Canada: http://www.doe.ca/ozone/index.htmThe TOMS home page: http://jwocky.gsfc.nasa.gov/The EASOE home page: http://www.atm.ch.cam.ac.uk/images/easoe/The UARS Project Definition page:http://daac.gsfc.nasa.gov/CAMPAIGN_DOCS/UARS_project.htmlThe HALOE home page: http://haloedata.larc.nasa.gov/home.htmlThe British Antarctic Survey:http://www.nbs.ac.uk/public/icd/jds/ozone/The ETH Zuerich Institute for Atmospheric Sciencehttp://www.umnw.ethz.ch/LAPETH/lapeth.htmlThe Institute for Meteorology at the Free University of Berlin:http://strat-www.met.fu-berlin.de/The Climate Prediction Centers TOVS Total Ozone Analysis page:http://nic.fb4.noaa.gov:80/products/st ratosphere/tovsto/The USDA UV-B Radiation Monitoring Program Climate Network,http://uvb.nrel.colostate.edu/UVB/uvb_climate_network.html Send corrections/additions to the FAQ Maintainer: Last Update September 28 2000 @ 04:24 AM Ozone Depletion FAQ Part IV: UV Radiation and its EffectsFrom: (Robert Parson)Newsgroups: sci.environment,sci.answers,news.answersSubject: Ozone Depletion FAQ Part IV: UV Radiation and its EffectsFollowup-To: posterDate: 24 Dec 1997 20:51:43 GMTOrganization: University of Colorado, BoulderExpires: Sun, 1 Jan 1998 00:00:00 GMTMessage-ID: **Reply-To: Summary: This is the fourth of four files dealing with stratosphericozone depletion. It describes the properties of solar UVradiation and some of its biological effects. Keywords: ozone layer depletion UVB UVA skin cancer phytoplanktonArchive-name: ozone-depletion/uvLast-modified: 16 Dec 1997Version: 5.9Subject: How to get this FAQThese files are posted to the newsgroups sci.environment, sci.answers,and news.answers. They are also archived at a variety of sites. Thesearchives work by automatically downloading the faqs from the newsgroupsand reformatting them in site-specific ways. They usually update tothe latest version within a few days of its being posted, although inthe past there have been some lapses; if the Last-Modified date inthe FAQ seems old, you may want to see if there is a more recent versionin a different archive. Many individuals have archived copies on their own servers, but theseare often seriously out of date and in general are not recommended. A. World-Wide Web(Limited) hypertext versions, with embedded links to some of the on-lineresources cited in the faqs, can be found at:http://www.faqs.org/faqs/ozone-depletion/ http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/hypertext/faq/usenet/ozone-depletion/top.htmlhttp://www.lib.ox.ac.uk/internet/news/faq/sci.environment.html http://www.cs.ruu.nl/wais/html/na-dir/ozone-depletion/.htmlPlaintext versions can be found at:ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/usenet/news.answers/ozone-depletion/ftp://ftp.uu.net/usenet/news.answers/ozone-depletion/-B. Anonymous ftpTo rtfm.mit.edu, in the directory /pub/usenet/news.answers/ozone-depletionTo ftp.uu.net, in the directory /usenet/news.answers/ozone-depletionLook for the four files named intro, stratcl, antarctic, and uv. -C. Regular emailSend the following messages to :send usenet/news.answers/ozone-depletion/introsend usenet/news.answers/ozone-depletion/stratclsend usenet/news.answers/ozone-depletion/antarcticsend usenet/news.answers/ozone-depletion/uvLeave the subject line blank. If you want to find out more about the mail server, send amessage to it containing the word help. Subject: Copyright Notice************************************************************************ Copyright 1997 Robert Parson ** ** This file may be distributed, copied, and archived. All such ** copies must include this notice and the paragraph below entitled ** Caveat. Reproduction and distribution for personal profit is ** not permitted. If this document is transmitted to other networks or ** stored on an electronic archive, I ask that you inform me. I also ** ask you to keep your archive up to date; in the case of world-wide ** web pages, this is most easily done by linking to the master at the ** ohio-state http URL instead of storing local copies. Finally, I ** request that you inform me before including any of this information ** in any publications of your own. Students should note that this ** is _not_ a peer-reviewed publication and may not be acceptable as ** a reference for school projects; it should instead be used as a ** pointer to the published literature. In particular, all scientific ** data, numerical estimates, etc. should be accompanied by a citation ** to the original published source, not to this document. ************************************************************************Subject: General RemarksThis file deals with the physical properties of ultravioletradiation and its biological consequences, emphasizing thepossible effects of stratospheric ozone depletion. It frequentlyrefers back to Part I, where the basic properties of the ozonelayer are described; the reader should look over that file first. The overall approach I take is conservative. I concentrate on whatis known and on most probable, rather than worst-case, scenarios. For example, I have relatively little to say about theeffects of UV radiation on plants this does not mean that theeffects are small, it means that they are as yet not wellquantified (and moreover, I am not well qualified to interpret theliterature.) Policy decisions must take into account not only themost probable scenario, but also a range of less probable ones. will probably do, but also the worst that he could possibly do. There have been surprises, mostly unpleasant, in this field in thepast, and there are sure to be more in the future. In general,_much_ less is known about biological effects of UV-B than aboutthe physics and chemistry of the ozone layer. Subject: Caveats, Disclaimers, and Contact Information| _Caveat_: I am not a specialist. In fact, I am not an atmospheric| scientist at all I am a physical chemist studying gas-phase| reactions who talks to atmospheric scientists. In this part

Terrorism The United States Involvement

Introduction of the Issue Terrorism often refers to war situations in which combatants unleash indiscriminate violence upon civilians as part of a war strategy to deter further attacks from opponents, with the main characteristic being unleashing terror on innocent civilians. Terrorists use a number of methods to accomplish their mission including kidnapping, inflicting injuries on the victims, and even killing.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Terrorism: The United States’ Involvement specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the past, acts of terrorism were random and restricted to warring nations. However, things have changed over time and now acts of terrorism are no longer restricted to war situations and the area of operation has broadened. In the recent past, the vice has raised global concern, as terrorists use the phenomenon as a means of attaining power and territorial dominance. Somalia depicts a good example of how rogue militants apply the use of terror to cause instability within governments and gain control of an entire nation. The Al-Shabab, a splinter group of the larger Al Qaeda international group, is responsible for instability in Somalia and it has controlled the law and resources in the country for several years, thus weakening the government and leaving civilians at its mercy. Most major acts of terrorism that have occurred in the past decade are creations of the Islamist extremist group Al Qaeda, either through subsidiary splinter organizations such as Al Shabab or through the main organization. The United States of America is one of the countries that have been on the receiving end mainly due to its efforts to root out the vice and its involvement in violence in Islamic nations such as Iraq and Afghanistan. The attacks on the Pentagon and the World Trade Center in 2001 that resulted in the deaths of dozens of Americans and destruction of property worth millions of d ollars courtesy of the Al Qaeda revealed the seriousness of the terrorism menace. For this reason, the government of the United States has been on the forefront in fighting terrorism internationally. Contributions of Journalism International news agencies have made it possible for the world to access information on global occurrences concerning terrorism. Although journalism is vital in providing access to information, journalists are responsible for the nature of information they broadcast and the level of disclosure they deem fit. Therefore, it is crucial for them to conduct background research and confirm the plausibility of their information without compromising the right of people to access the truth. Most news articles published online regarding terrorism and the American government’s involvement highlight certain key issues.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More First , although the American government’s efforts are noble in theory, the practicality of accomplishing the eradication of terrorism has raised some concerns in the international community. The strategic implementation of plans to eradicate terrorist activities by the Al Qaeda is one of the concerns that the international community has raised with acts such as extraordinary rendition raising human rights concerns (Yardley Para.3). Extraordinary rendition is the act of capturing and extraditing a suspect to a country other than the capturing nation for purposes of obtaining information or conducting a trial. Although international laws on human rights prohibit torture and mistreatment of prisoners of war during the term of their detention or during the process of interrogation, the United States government has in the past taken advantage of nations that have not ratified such conventions and used them for extraordinary rendition. The reason behind such a move is that it allows the government to bypass the torture prohibitions in the process of interrogation by allowing the local authorities to use such methods instead. The American government thus acquires what it wants without technically breaking the law. Libya is one of the countries that are infamous for being a favorite destination for rendition for the American government. Secondly, some journal articles express the international community’s concerns regarding the extent of the American government’s jurisdiction internationally. The jurisdictional concern comes from the ability of the American government to order the rendition of suspected terrorists. Sometimes, rendition has the effect of infringing the sovereignty of a country. A good example of such a scenario is a recent raid in Tripoli, Libya, that led to the arrest of a terrorist suspected to have been behind the 1998 bombings of the U.S embassies in Tanzania and Kenya and plotting an attack on the U.S forces in Saudi Arabia around the year 2000. A report by The New York Times on October 6, 2013 indicates that the U.S troops, with the help of the F.B.I, captured Abu Anas al-Libi outside his home in Tripoli and took him forcefully as his family watched (Baker and Sanger Para.4). Although some Libya citizens view the act as an abduction carried out by a government, a report by the U.S News and World Report indicates that the capture was legal and that the suspect would undergo a trial. The report also stated that the U.S Secretary of State, John Kerry, asked people not to sympathize with terror suspects and that the arrest was not an abduction as the suspect was indicted in 2000 of his offences and will have a chance to defend himself. The report adds Kerry insisted that the American justice system prescribes to the rule of innocence until presented with proof of guilt (Lee Para.6).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Terrorism: The United States’ Involvement specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Analysis An analysis of the above scenario presents two elements in journalism, viz. the application of discretion and the effect of disclosure. Although what the U.S News and World Report article may bear truth, its resultant effect is the creation of doubt regarding the fairness of the suspect’s trial. The inclusion of information on the process of the capture and the statement of Kerry of not sympathizing with terror suspects bring doubt to the government’s presumption of the suspect’s innocence. Therefore, it is important for journalists to weigh the effect that disclosure of certain information in their articles may have on the audience or readers. However, the use of facts in relaying the information in the creation of the report is commendable as it fosters the disclosure of truth to the readers, thus enabling them to make their own independent opinions. A separate news report by The New York Times on the same day indicates that the U.S might be holding the suspect on a U.S navy ship outside Libya for questioning (Weiser and Schmitt Para.5). Holding a suspect on a ship outside territorial waters negates the use of a country’s laws and invites the application of international law until such a time when the ship reenters territorial waters. Usually, during a rendition, the laws of the capturing state apply (Yardley Para.7). In the case of Abu Anas, American laws would apply, thus excluding torture. However, the use of the high seas creates a scenario in which the American government may opt to apply international law instead. The secluded location of the ship may also raise concerns regarding the fairness of the interrogation process. Unlike the report by the U.S News and World Report, the information in this article is mainly speculative. Although the information makes a good story, the factual element of the report is wanting. Although the article contains some factual de tails about a similar case that serves as background information, the rest of the information including the army’s expectations and the occurrence of the event are purely speculative. The report may hold some truth, but it serves to prove that readers have a duty to discern factual details and filter the rest when forming objective opinions about certain matters. For instance, the inclusion of information about a case similar to the speculative case may lead to the conclusion that such renditions normally occur for suspects with apparent links to Al-Qaeda, which may be true or false. Provision of background information in journal articles allows readers to connect the dots and understand the flow of the entire story, which most news articles regarding the topic of discussion, viz. terrorism and the United State’s involvement, embrace.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The articles in the New York Times mention the reasons for Anas’ arrest as his suspected involvement in plotting against the United States troops in Saudi Arabia, involvement in the attacks on the American embassies in Tanzania and Kenya in 1998, and most crucial of all, involvement with Al Qaeda. Although Anas’ arrest may seem unfounded as an isolated incident, connection with such background information creates a larger picture for the reader. Inciting incidents The main inciting incidents that brought focus on the topic at hand were the attacks on the Westgate Shopping Mall in Nairobi on September 21, 2013 allegedly by Al-Shabab militants, resulting in the deaths of dozens of people and the injury of dozens more. The attack was supposedly retaliation for Kenya’s deployment of troops to Somalia in a bid to root out the militant group and bring peace to Somalia. Although the United States did not feel any significant direct effects of the attack, it had an inte rest in the attack mainly for purposes of arresting the perpetrators of previous attacks on its embassies in 1998 and possible capture of Al Qaeda operatives. The news articles indicate that the events raised concerns about the extent of damage that the Al Shabab group is capable of executing if allowed to grow. The concerns formed part of the reason why the U.S raided Somalia in a failed mission carried out earlier in October this year. The main reason for the mission was to conduct the arrest of a suspected Al Qaeda operative in the region. The Libyan and Somali raids occurred simultaneously. Some of the information that remains unclear is details on what the United States government will do to the suspect, Anas, in the application of justice. Although the United States laws do not allow torture during interrogation of prisoners of war, it is unclear if such interrogation will take place in the U.S (Savage and Weiser Para.7). The location of the suspect is also sketchy as informat ion regarding the same on a naval ship outside Libya is purely speculative. Although it is understandable why such a location remains a secret due to security concerns, the same creates concerns on his treatment during the detention period. Another matter that remains unclear is the period of detention for the suspect. Additionally, although the articles indicate concerns on the extent of the United States’ jurisdiction on matters beyond its boundaries following the alleged abduction of Abu Anas, the reports leave the question unanswered, with the closest answer being that the arrest was legal and compliant with the U.S laws. Objectivity is one of the most important components of proper journalism as it gives the reader the chance to form informed yet independent opinions regarding events happening around him or her and round the world in general. In order to achieve such objectivity, it is important for journalists to present the entire story, devoid of personal prejudices a nd with a look at all angles. In the case of terrorism, proper journalism would require journalists to present stories from the views of both the attackers and the victims of such acts. Although this aspect is the rule, it is sometimes impossible to detach personal opinions from a story while reporting. However, good journalists ought to know how to present such opinions as what they truly are and exercise care not to present them as facts. For instance, the story by The New York Times on the probable location of Abu Anas may cause panic for some readers, especially close family and friends of the suspect due to the possible implications of the story considering past events and their outcomes. The implications sometimes overshadow the fact that the news report was a speculative lead on a possible location sometimes resulting in public reactions such as demonstrations that sometimes graduate to riots. It may also cause security concerns for American officers on naval ships as it crea tes a basis for attacks on different ships from the militant group. One of the ways through which journalists can avoid such scenarios is through the confirmation of sources before the publication of articles and ensuring the indication of any personal opinions in the articles as such. Personal viewpoint/Conclusion My point of view regarding the topic is that the government of the United States has the right to fight the terrorism menace internationally, and especially the Al Qaeda (The Editorial Board Para.8). The logic behind this stand is that the group emanates from Muslim nations in which the US had involved in battle, thus making it a combatant in every sense. Secondly, the US has the right to protect its national security, especially after the 9/11 attacks (Baker et al. Para. 6). However, in the process of weeding out the menace, the American government should cooperate with other nations and respect their state sovereignty as per international law. A report in the New York T imes on October 6, 2013 indicates the dissatisfaction of the Libyan government with the manner in which American troops executed the raid (Gall and Kirkpatrick Para.8). Although there was no bloodshed, the capture of Abu Anas outside his home in broad daylight without the knowledge of the Libyan government officials caused questions among Libyan citizens on the sovereignty of their government. Although the United States’ intention was noble considering the fact that the government in Libya is new and thus weak, the execution of the plan was lacking in some aspects. An editorial piece by the New York Times titled The Fight against Al Shabab also proves the American government’s ability to go beyond its mandate. The article states that the United States’ involvement in Somalia mainly comprises air attacks on targets where there is suspicion of occupation by leaders of the terror group, provision of training for A.U troops, and provision of aid in terms of food, me dical supplies, and financing. Overall, all the articles are informative about the topic, although some lack a certain level of objectivity by including speculative information and personal opinions. Works Cited Baker, Peter, and David Sanger. â€Å"Raids Show the Limits of U.S Military Strikes.† The  New York Times 6 October 2013. Web. www.nytimes.com/2013/10/07/world/africa/raids-show-the-limits-of-us-military-strikes.html Baker, Peter, Helene Cooper, and Mark Mazzetti. â€Å"Bin Laden Is Dead, Obama Says.†Ã‚  The New York Times 1 May 2011. Web. www.nytimes.com/2011/05/02/world/asia/osama-bin-laden-is-killed.html Gall, Carlitta, and David Kirkpatrick. â€Å"Libya Condemns U.S for Seizing Terror suspect.†Ã‚  The New York Times 6 October 2013. Web. www.nytimes.com/2013/10/07/world/africa/american-raids-in-africa.html Lee, Matthew. â€Å"Kerry: Capture of Terror Suspect in Libya Legal.† The U.S News and  World Report 6 October 2013. Web. www.usnews.com /news/politics/articles/2013/10/06/kerry-capture-of-terror-suspect-in-libya-legal Savage, Charlie, and Benjamin Weiser. â€Å"How the U.S is Interrogating a Qaeda Suspect.† The New York Times 7 October 2013. Web. www.nytimes.com/2013/10/08/world/africa/q-and-a-on-interrogation-of-libyan-suspect.html The Editorial Board. â€Å"The Fight against Al Shabab.† The New York Times 6 October 2013. Web. www.nytimes.com/2013/10/07/opinion/the-fight-against-al-shabab.html Weiser, Benjamin, and Eric Schmitt. â€Å"U.S Said to Hold Qaeda Suspect on Navy Ship.†Ã‚  The New York Times 6 October 2013. Web. www.nytimes.com/2013/10/07/world/africa/a-terrorism-suspect-long-known-to-prosecutors.html Yardley, Jim. â€Å"Italy-Former C.I.A Chief Requests Pardon for 2009 Rendition Conviction.† The New York Times 13 September 2013. Web. www.nytimes.com/2013/09/14/world/europe/-italy-former-cia-chief-requests-pardon-for-2009-rendition-conviction.html This essay on Terrorism: The United States’ Involvement was written and submitted by user Chace Wynn to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Shakespeares The Tragedy of Othello The Words and Actions of Iago

The works, created by William Shakespeare, always amaze the reader and open a new world, full of dreams, devotion, love, and betrayal to them. Each character, introduced in Shakespeare’s plays, is unique indeed: one character may be rich, another can be poor; one of the characters is smart, another is full; some of them are quite happy for a certain period of time, and some of them cannot find their love and happiness during all their fictional lives. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Shakespeare’s The Tragedy of Othello: The Words and Actions of Iago specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More To my mind, one of the most complex, captivating, and, at the same time, the most evil characters in Shakespeare’s plays is Iago from The Tragedy of Othello. Nowadays, the screenwriters try to present the best villains ever, however only few fictional characters may be compared to Iago. One of such fictional char acters, who may be compared to Iago, is the Joker from The Dark Knight. Each action and each word by Iago or Joker has its own sense and reason. In order to achieve the desirable purpose, they try to weight every detail and control the lives and actions of people around. Shakespeare made his character an absolutely amoral person, who can steal, lie, or even kill to achieve the goal. Iago’s amorality, his desire to have more power, and his tricks have much in common with the Joker’s actions and turn out to be the best examples of pure evil people from fictions. Shakespeare’s Othello is one of the most powerful pieces of writing, where the author concentrates more on people, their desires, and qualities than on the historical facts and political affairs; characters’ sexual anxiety is far from any political aspiration (Corns, 53). Without any doubts, the character of Iago is one of the most crucial one in the Shakespeare’s play. When someone wants t o know how evil looks like, it is better to think about Iago, remember his â€Å"honest† actions, and get a clear understanding that evil may be somewhere near. â€Å"I follow him to serve my turn upon him.† (Shakespeare, 1, 1, 42). These Iago’s words take place almost at the beginning of the play during the conversation between Iago and Roderigo about Othello, the Moorish general. In spite of the fact that Iago is one of the soldiers under Othello’s command, Iago has rather evil intentions and the desire to take up Othello’s position and does not afraid to share them with another person. From these words, it becomes clear that Iago is upset with unfair promotion; he cannot agree to the idea that now, he is under command of a person, he does not respect at all. Now, he wants to revenge, he wants to be promoted, and he is going to find some people to assist him. Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Iago’s actions are smart enough: first, he should be sure that the person, he shares his goals, feels the same antipathy to Othello; second, he does not share all his secrets, just those, he finds not too much harmful; and, finally, he chooses only those people, he is able to control and even blackmail. It is necessary to admit that Iago’s amorality and evil do not prevent the reader to be amazed with Iago’s intelligence and abilities to control situation. For example, Iago is aware of Roderigo’s feelings to Desdemona and is sure that Roderigo will do anything to win this lady. This is why Iago finds it rather helpful to use Roderigo’s money and jewels for own goals – â€Å"thus do I ever make my fool my purse† (Shakespeare, 1, 3, 383). Of course, such actions cannot be regarded as good ones, but still, Iago demonstrates the best qualities of a really good businessman. The end of the play is rather tragic, and all actions by Iago were exposed. The reader does not have an opportunity to find out what the Iago’s end is, but still, his end is almost obvious – evil actions should be punished properly. To my mind, such concepts like briberies and corruptions, which are so popular nowadays, are grounded a bit from this very work by Shakespeare. Of course, Shakespeare is not the only one, who is able to create really evil characters. Lots of writers present a huge number of antagonists, who prevent the success of the main characters, who add a bit of intrigue, and who try to achieve own goals by means of lies, murders, blackmails, etc. Unfortunately, not each evil character may be compared and be equal to the one, created by Shakespeare. But still, even our modern cinema and literature can amaze readers and viewers. One of such antagonists, who are famous by his bad actions and intentions, is the Joker from The Dark Knight. This character is interesting from many perspectives and causes numerous contradictions at the same time: first, he is too evil and always eager to break some rules and harm society as well as Iago, however, his attitude to some situations makes the viewer smile; secondly, his hate towards Batman makes him the main antagonist, however, some of his actions are rather smart and cause certain respect. His horrific appearance and constant laughter do not cause positive emotions, but still, some of his words and actions should be taken into consideration as they have certain sense and even can teach something.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Shakespeare’s The Tragedy of Othello: The Words and Actions of Iago specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More So, the peculiar feature that is inherent to both the Joker from The Dark Knight and Iago from Othello is their desire to break the rules, make someone’s life unbearable, and get unbelievable p leasure from doing all those bad things. Someone may think that it is not reasonable to compare these two antagonists, as they existed during different periods of time, and they goals had rather different nature. However, to my mind, their unreasonable actions are worthy of attention. First of all, these two characters have one concrete enemy and tried to use other people to take revenge and kill their opponents. For Iago, it was Othello, for the Joker, it was Batman. The Joker decides to use the mob, who hates Batman as well, in order to intimidate society, attract Batman’s attention, and have enough power and money to resist everybody’s favorite. Iago uses Roderigo, who also wants to take revenge upon Othello for Desdemona, Roderigo’s money, and Roderigo’s support. However, the Joker and Iago never use money, they got from their accomplices; this is why these characters are similar to their desire to manipulate people just in order to manipulate. The Joker admits one time: â€Å"It’s not about money†¦ it’s about sending a message. Everything burns!† (The Dark Knight) The same idea is characterized Iago’s intentions and actions. Another point that unites the Joker and Iago in their words and actions is their abilities to lie, not think about the consequence, and not consider their consciousness. At the beginning, Iago tells that he hates Othello because the latter did not promote him but promoted Cassio; however, with some time, he admits that Othello slept with Emilia, Iago’s wife, and this is the major reason why Iago wants to revenge. Almost the same picture is observed in the Joker’s actions: first, he admits that it was his father, who â€Å"put a smile on that face† (The Dark Knight); later, he presents absolutely another story that it is his wife, â€Å"who tells me I ought to smile more† (The Dark Knight). The reader of Othello and the viewer of The Dark Knig ht can easily concede that any of their words are false. As we can observe, the actions of these two characters do not have any reason, they do not care about the rules, their society live in; these people are so evil that they have satisfaction only in case someone is suffering, however, it is even hard to imagine if these people can be aware of what satisfaction really means.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In general, the analysis of words and actions by Iago and its comparison to the Joker’s actions lead to unpredictable results. These two evil characters were created in different epochs, cultures, and conditions, however, at the same time, their dreams, goals, words, and actions are so similar to each other. It is impossible to support any of these characters, but still, it is possible to learn something from their actions, analyze their mistakes, and comprehend that evil may exist in different forms. Very often, it is very hard to find out where the true evil can be, but such great works like Othello or The Dark Knight provide us with a chance to evaluate possible examples and be careful with such â€Å"Iagos† or â€Å"the Jokers† in real life. Works Cited Corns, Thomas, N. â€Å"A History of Seventeenth-Century English Literature.† Blackwell Histories of Literature. Malden: Wiley-Blackwell, 2007. Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Othello, Moore of V enice. Teddington: Echo Library, 2007. The Dark Knight. Dir. Nolan, Christopher. Perf. Bale, Christian, Ledger, Heath, and Caine, Michael. Legendary Pictures, Syncopy Films, DC Comics. This essay on Shakespeare’s The Tragedy of Othello: The Words and Actions of Iago was written and submitted by user Cristiano Sanchez to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Quantum Numbers and Electron Orbitals

Quantum Numbers and Electron Orbitals Chemistry is mostly the study of electron interactions between atoms and molecules. Understanding the behavior of the electrons in an atom is an important part of understanding chemical reactions. Early atomic theories used the idea that an atoms electron followed the same rules as a mini solar system where the planets were electrons orbiting a center proton sun. Electric attractive forces are much stronger than gravitational forces, but follow the same basic inverse square rules for distance. Early observations showed the electrons were moving more like a cloud surrounding the nucleus rather than an individual planet. The shape of the cloud, or orbital, depended on the amount of energy, angular momentum and magnetic moment of the individual electron. The properties of an atoms electron configuration are described by four quantum numbers: n, â„“, m, and s. First Quantum Number The first is the energy level quantum number, n. In an orbit, lower energy orbits are close to the source of attraction. The more energy you give a body in orbit, the further out it goes. If you give the body enough energy, it will leave the system entirely. The same is true for an electron orbital. Higher values of n mean more energy for the electron and the corresponding radius of the electron cloud or orbital is further away from the nucleus. Values of n start at 1 and go up by integer amounts. The higher the value of n, the closer the corresponding energy levels are to each other. If enough energy is added to the electron, it will leave the atom and leave a positive ion behind. Second Quantum Number The second quantum number is the angular quantum number, â„“. Each value of n has multiple values of â„“ ranging in values from 0 to (n-1).This quantum number determines the shape of the electron cloud. In chemistry, there are names for each value of â„“. The first value, â„“ 0 called an s orbital. s orbitals are spherical, centered on the nucleus. The second, â„“ 1 is called a p orbital. p orbitals are usually polar and form a teardrop petal shape with the point towards the nucleus. â„“ 2 orbital is called a d orbital. These orbitals are similar to the p orbital shape, but with more petals like a cloverleaf. They can also have ring shapes around the base of the petals. The next orbital, â„“3 is called an f orbital. These orbitals tend to look similar to d orbitals, but with even more petals. Higher values of â„“ have names that follow in alphabetical order. Third Quantum Number The third quantum number is the magnetic quantum number, m. These numbers were first discovered in spectroscopy when the gaseous elements were exposed to a magnetic field. The spectral line corresponding to a particular orbit would split into multiple lines when a magnetic field would be introduced across the gas. The number of split lines would be related to the angular quantum number. This relationship shows for every value of â„“, a corresponding set of values of m ranging from -â„“ to â„“ is found. This number determines the orbitals orientation in space. For example, p orbitals correspond to â„“1, can have m values of -1,0,1. This would represent three different orientations in space for the twin petals of the p orbital shape. They are usually defined to be px, py, pz to represent the axes they align with. Fourth Quantum Number The fourth quantum number is the spin quantum number, s. There are only two values for s,  ½ and - ½. These are also referred to as spin up and spin down. This number is used to explain the behavior of individual electrons as if they were spinning in a clockwise or counterclockwise. The important part to orbitals is the fact that each value of m has two electrons and needed a way to distinguish them from one another. Relating Quantum Numbers to Electron Orbitals These four numbers, n, â„“, m, and s can be used to describe an electron in a stable atom. Each electrons quantum numbers are unique and cannot be shared by another electron in that atom. This property is called the Pauli Exclusion Principle. A stable atom has as many electrons as it does protons. The rules the electrons follow to orient themselves around their atom are simple once the rules governing the quantum numbers are understood. For Review n can have whole number values: 1, 2, 3, ...For every value of n, â„“ can have integer values from 0 to (n-1)m can have any whole number value, including zero, from -â„“ to â„“s can be either  ½ or - ½

Who has the Control over the Use of Euthanasia Essay

Who has the Control over the Use of Euthanasia - Essay Example In some states, there have been legislations that have been passed while others have been rejected overwhelmingly by the majority of the people. Such are the issues that surround this medical way of alleviating pain which has been used since time immemorial (Appel 610). As people continue to worry about active or passive euthanasia, medical practitioners, on the other hand, have a hard time deciding which method to use as they are morally obligated to ensure that people regain their health. However, if the medication process is not relevant to them, should they not end it to avoid suffering? If so, who should make the call? No particular answer has been found as the most endearing and most considerate though some argue that both voluntary and non-voluntary euthanasia should be offered (Appel 615). The only difference is how long the patient takes before they succumb to their ailment and who is available to make the decision. Others argue that these provisions are wrong from a persona l dignity point of view. A clear consensus, though hard to come by for the past two centuries, should be sought and clarification on the issue of control given to ease pain and reduce needless suffering amongst fatally ill patients. The current law states that mercy killing or euthanasia is tantamount to homicide. The judicial system defines homicide as any type of intervention that is taken with an intention expressly aimed at ending life, whether it is to retrieve intractable disease or not. From this, one can learn that anything done to ease the pain of a dying person, whether they consent or not is unlawful and shall be treated as criminal offence (Smartt 105; Tulloch 64). From these stands taken by the law and the judicial system, euthanasia cannot be used at all unless legislation is passed to permit it. These events have shaped the way doctors react to cries by patients in anguish as they cannot risk being jailed for homicide or any other unlawful conduct (Dowbiggin 23). This is not fair at all. If suicide is a personal decision, why do they not accept euthanasia as one too? They should weigh this and allow people to have less suffering and since they have very short time to live, should be allowed to end their suffering in advance. There is no documented benefit of people suffering for six months and then die whereas they could have reduced the costs that will be transferred to the relatives (Annas 1239). This shows that the dispute of who is expected to control their death cannot be left to the doctors, the individual in question and neither can the state offer protection against suffering. However, it is crucial to understand that the word was coined as a means of encouraging painless and happy death that would be left to the physician. It was their responsibility to alleviate such pain. However, the area of bioethics has done considerable research on this area, and this has further complicated issues. There is a need, therefore, for the solution of this issue to be forthcoming. People suffering from chronic diseases and are in their final stages of these ailments should be aided to pass on peacefully. Though religious people argue that God is the only one with the power over death, it is imperative to understand that no religion spreads pain and suffering as a way of entering eternity. Even the suffering of Christ on the cross may not be compared to an invalid waiting for death for six months just because they cannot control their own death (Dowbiggin 27). It will ease their pain and allow the physicians to be responsible for other people. The relatives will also have a chance to rest and use the resources on other deserving

Laughing leads to learning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Laughing leads to learning - Essay Example Stambor makes a strong case for humor by quoting Johns Hopkins professor Ron Berk as saying that the use of comedy in the classroom â€Å"helps relieve fear and reduce anxiety." He also quotes Berk as saying that humor can relieve both the physical and psychological stress that students may feel from the pressure of succeeding in the classroom. Stambor also says that there is â€Å"a growing body of research† that humor can result in â€Å"boosting participation and increasing students' motivation to focus on the material.† ! While comedy can be helpful, Stamor also makes the important point that there are ways of using humor which are not useful. He says that researcher Melissa Bekelja Wanzer of Canisius College believes that â€Å"instructors who use distracting or inappropriate humor can actually interfere with students' learning.† Stamor quotes another scholar, Jennings Bryant from Alabama University, who says that â€Å"humor can be overdone to the point t hat students are so busy awaiting the next gag that they miss the teacher's message.† Referemces How laughing leads to learning, By Stambor, Zac, Monitor Staff June 2006, Vol 37, No. 6. Print version: page 62

Western Civilization. The Rise Of Sovereignty And The Creation Of Essay

Western Civilization. The Rise Of Sovereignty And The Creation Of Nation States - Essay Example Western civilization has been described in the western culture that is found in the scientific, political, artistic and the philosophical principles that were adopted by people at that time. This term has been linked to immigration and settlement in Western Europe. This period has been marked by the changing way of life of the people. It was marked by changes in different spheres of life of the people. In particular there was marked rise of industrial systems, education, urbanization and other aspect of life of the western world. Among the things that marked the rise of western civilization was the rise in sovereignty of the nations. In this regard there was increased fall of empires and the rise of nations. The Western Roman Empire which ruled the modern states of Italy, France, Spain, Portugal and England for centuries had collapsed as a result of combination of a number of factors. One of such factors was economic decline which had an impact on the decline of the military spending leading to reduced military strength. The empires were based on the military strength and therefore the fall of military might led to invasion by other tribes. The fall of the Western Roman Empire in its military strength led to the invasion by the barbarian tribes which were coming from Scandinavia and other states like Germany. They invaded the Western Roman Empire and led to its eventual fall. This had an effect on other factors like racial, religious, and the political life of these empires. Increased warfare with the invading tribes and economic crisis could have contributed in a great way to the fall. (Hobsbawm, 1992) Therefore with the fall of the empires there was increased rise of the modern sovereign states. The fall of the empire led to the defragmentation to individual states which were sovereign with internal government. The fall of the Western Roman Empire led to the formation of the modern day states of France, Spain, Portugal, England and Italy. Owing to the factors that led to the fall of the empire such as racial, religious and political division, the emerging states were grouped in some aspects of community. It has been shown that racial and ethnic factors were the main leading factors that led to the fall of the empire and the consequential formation of sovereign states which were based on common aspects of these communities. Those who spoke the same language grouped themselves together and formed one sovereign state. For example those who spoke Spanish grouped themselves together to form Spain, while those who spoke French formed the modern day France. This marked the beginning of the rise of sovereign states which were internally governed. In the high middle Ages, feudalism rose to be a dominant social, economic and political system in the western countries. The monarch and the nobles were at the top of the society while the rest of the society was left as peasants and serfs. The serfs were given protection by the monarchs from the invasions of the outsiders. The church also grew strong and had a say in the administration of the states which were growing to be sovereign. The Catholic Church became especially strong at this time and in the medieval period, there was suppression of other religions and the church also had a lot of influences on the political life of the states. In the late middle ages, there was the rise of the

Biological And Psychological Theory Of Crime Criminology Essay

Biological And Psychological Theory Of Crime Criminology Essay In this paper I am going to discuss a biological and psychological theory of crime and to differentiate between the two perspectives, highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of each. The purpose of this assignment is to critically assess the strengths and weakness of various criminological theories. Crime is a phenomenon of deviant behavior, representing a high risk to people, and therefore punishable by law. In modern society, crime is considered to be a socially dangerous act, prohibited by law under the threat of punishment. Crime is the most dangerous kind of a social pathology deviating from the norm, deviant behavior. Therefore, the main backbone elements of crime are personality traits of a potential criminal and the social conditions of life. Biological theory The first attempts to explain the term crime were of a biological character. Scientists have searched for natural causes due to the tendency of some people to crime. In 1870 an Italian criminologist Cesare Lombroso concluded that some people were born with criminal tendencies. In his point of view, criminal types can be identified by their shape of skull. Lombroso did not deny the fact that society could influence on the development of criminal behavior, but believed that most perpetrators are biologically degenerative. Subsequently, the idea of a biological predisposition to crime has been subjected to criticism. In the second half of the XX century attempts were made to link the criminal tendencies of a certain set of chromosomes in the genetic code. In several studies conducted in prisons, medium security, the result was obtained, showing that such a deviation was one of hundreds of prisoners, compared with one person per thousand for the general population. However, it soon emerged among researchers surmise that this result is due to small sample sizes. Studies on larger tracts of the population showed that men with abnormal chromosome no more likely to commit violent acts than the usual set. Thus, the biological approach to the explanation of crime has failed. Lombroso saw in the offender characteristics of a primitive prehistoric man and animal and developed his concept of a born criminal that is the basis for biological theories of crime in criminology. Lombrosos concept of a born criminal has a thesis about natural character and eternal existence of crime in human society. According to this concept the type of criminal rights is characterized by certain stigmata (signs or marks, supposedly distinguish it from the type of a person impregnable). The basis of this classification served as his research of about 400 Italian criminals in prisons. Subsequently, through research it was found that the methods applied by Lombroso, were not adequate, and the study group was not representative. Lombroso compared his criminals with a mixed control group consisting of Italian soldiers. Finding in 43% of criminals more than five physical anomalies at each, Lombroso concluded that this confirms his hypothesis of the existence of a congenital criminal type, which is present a genetic shift to earlier forms of animal life. Classification of a born criminal is a significant part of the whole concept of Lombroso, clearly confirming the primitive simpl icity and at the same time, anti-humanism of this concept and its political reaction. In addition, Lombroso studied 79 teenagers at age of 12 years old, placed in a correctional home. They included 40 people who had committed theft, 27 vagrants and 7 of the killers. Its position regarding the causes of juvenile crime based on the results of his study Lombroso expressed in the following conclusion that the moral anomalies, which would create a reference to an adult crime, manifested in children in a much larger scale and with the same symptoms, especially due to hereditary reasons. In this respect, education can do nothing. It cannot change those who were born with perverted instincts. This statement fully reflects Lombrosos general methodological position about the presence of a special type such as a criminal person with the congenital criminal traits and innate propensity to commit crimes. The fact that the study of juvenile delinquency has become an integral part of the work, which was presented Lombrosos main theoretical concept once again confirms that it applies to juvenile delinquency all the main provisions of the concept. It is important to mention that British researchers have concluded that the differences between criminals and criminals are practically absent, and therefore such a phenomenon as a criminal type does not exist. Psychological theory Psychological theory of crime, as well as biological one, associates with criminal inclinations of a particular type of personality. In the XX century some psychologists, based on Sigmund Freuds ideas, have suggested that a small percentage of people develop immoral, or psychopathic personality. According to Freud, most of our moral values come from the self-restraint, which we are learnt from our early childhood. Due to the special nature of the relationship with parents, some children do not produce the similar self-restraint, and, accordingly, there is the lack of basic sense of morality. Psychopaths can be described as a closed people finding a big pleasure in violence. Psychological theory of crime has, in contrast to biological one, the rational core. However, they only can explain some aspects of crime. Although a small minority of criminals do have the personal characteristics that are different from the rest of the population, but such features have not all violators of the law. It is necessary to mention that Freud thought that any actions of people are rushing out unconscious instincts or inclinations. When the controlling volitional factor is not able to suppress the natural instinct there is a conflict, spilling into a crime. Other psychological theory states that the commission of crimes is a sign of mental illness or other psychopathological disorders. Bandura in his social learning theory admits that Learning would be exceedingly laboriousà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦if people had to rely solely on the effects of their own actions to inform them what to doà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ from observing others one forms an idea of how new behaviors are performed, and on later occasions this coded information serves as a guide for action (Bandura, 1977). Kohlberg identified six stages of moral development, which replace one another in a strict sequence and are similar to the cognitive stages of Piaget. He stated that concern for others was not based on intrinsic respect or loyalty, but rather was based on you scratch my back, and Ill scratch yours mentality (Kohlberg, 1973). The transition from one stage to another occurs as a result of improving cognitive skills and the ability to empathize (empathy). Unlike Piaget, Kohlberg does not bind moral developments periods of the personality of a certain age. While most people reach for at least the third stage, some fo r life are morally immature. To sum up the above-stated information I want to admit that the causes of crime are analyzed by many sciences, lawyers, sociologists, psychologists, economists, and even biologists. However, none of the existing theories provide an exhaustive explanation of all types of crime.

Myths Surrounding Innovation

â€Å"There are myths surrounding creativity. The intangible nature of creativity does not lend itself to easy definition†. Introduction The intangible nature of creativity does not have a specific definition for it. However, creativity can refer to many things that differ and which also over laps many other elements. Joanna: 2003). â€Å"Creativity is defined as the tendency to generate or recognize idea, alternatives, or possibilities that may be used to solving problems, communicating with other, and entertaining ourselves and others†(Robert E. Franken: 2002).It also depends on the nature of the person what are his/her characteristics, hinging power and the artistic ability. It is said that managers equate innovation with creativity, but creativity comes with innovation; creativity is Just an idea and innovation is carrying out the idea and turning it into a business and providing It to the market (Visas governing]an: 2010). There is not a one specific definition for innovation. â€Å"Technically innovation Is defined merely as Introducing something new† (Jeff Dance: 2008), it does not concern how well or admirable the Innovation Is as long it is better than what it was.It is most likely that innovation Is a narrower incept than creativity. I believe If there Is no creativity then there Is no Innovation. It is the human nature than make them feel they are not creative enough that Is why there are different myths and MIS-understanding and have failed to provide one convincing definition. It Is proven that creative people are complex as It also states creativity is complex; people who are complex have the habit of showing thoughts and actions that others set apart (Scoot Barry Kauffman: 2011).The seven myths discussed In this essay are: the smarter you, the more creative you are, If u don't express creativity ate a certain age It's too late, alcohol and drugs will make you more creative, time pressure fuels creativity, money Is a creativit y motivator, creativity come from creative people, creativity Is Just one eureka moment. The first myth states â€Å"The smarter you are, the more creative you are† (Constantine Indianapolis & Patrick Dawson: 2009 peg 19/20) this Is not necessarily true; you don't have to be smart however you need to have certain knowledge.There Is now Instant access to any Information through the Internet, but to Innovate something ND create something you need to be highly educated and smart they say (Amiable: 1996). An example would be of the greatest clients Albert Einstein who had proved the theory of relativity. He was not from a very educated background and was experiencing speech difficulties In his early days. He used to work SIX days a week on his scientific theories at the age of 26 Kneeler Rosenberg: 20th century).The other example Is of Michael Angelo who was a well known painter, sculpture, architect and a poet; he had no Interest In schooling neither any Interest In his formally financial business. He used to go vaults the church and see the people planting and drawing that gave him some knowledge about It (w. NM. Bibliography. Com/melancholies). These they were doing that made them so creative. Whereas Michael Angelo is concerned he didn't need to smart to paint all he needed were a little knowledge and an idea to express it through art.The second myth states that â€Å"If you don't express creativity by a certain age it's too late† (The ©r ©SE Actor: creative minds). This is clearly not true; there is no age to show what your creative about. Although some people find out their inner ability of being retrieve a little late, but it does not mean they cannot express it when they pass a certain age. For egg: Anna Mary Robertson Moses also known as ‘Grandma Moses' who was a well-known artist, she became a public attention in 1940 at the age 80, where she has started painting in a natural way, drawing from her memory and painting on Americans rural sceneries.Furthermore, she had no training and did it because she enjoyed doing it, all this started after she had retired from a career in embroidery because of arthritis (Silent Reed: 2013). However I believe people tend to realize their retentiveness after a certain age, when they are free are figure out what they enjoy doing enables them to bring out their creativeness and draw up a picture in their mind. People get De motivated after listening to people saying ‘it's too late or you have passed that age' which makes them even more less confidence which does not let them become creative. One is never too old to succeed in life† – Anna Mary Robertson Mosses The third myth states that â€Å"Alcohol and Drugs will make you more creative† (The ©r ©SE Actor: creative minds). I personally don't believe that's true: people have a psychological effect that makes them feel that when they are under the influence of drugs and alcohol they became creative. It is proven to be shown that people under the influence of drugs and alcohol become creative only because the stimulants creates the illusion of creativity (Mark Smith – 2010).This makes people feel that they are creative and this creativity of theirs does not remain for long and can stifle. I believe the idea of being creative after consuming alcohol and drugs tempts musicians and artists to try and instead results in an early loss of life or when they re under the influence of drugs and alcohol their behavior changes and also takes them into deeper thoughts convincing them to suicide or overdose themselves. A clear example would be of the famous Elvis Presley who was known as the king of rock and roll, who had died of overdosing himself with drugs on the 16th of August 1977.At first people thought it was Just a heart attack, later it was found that the reason of his death was because of a massive drug overdose (wry. Unsolved. Com/ Elvis Presley). â€Å"Elvis Presley woke up on the 16th of August, premeditated, planned, took and killed himself deliberately' – David Stanley. Nevertheless, there are celebrities who have overcome these dug problems and are still creative and famous. For instance the famous rapper Ben Hagglers also known as Mackerel who had also started drinking and dabbling into drugs, he also claimed â€Å"l don't have moderation when using drugs and alcohol.It got to the point where it was hurting my life, my potential†. He then entered rehab and sobered himself up in 2008 and now his having the Auk's biggest- selling single (Siam Growing: 2013). Celebrities easily get which is clearly untrue, thus a myth. The Fourth myth states that â€Å"Time pressure eels creativity' (Bill Breed: 2004) this is clearly made up from someone. I cannot think of anything creative when there is time pressure. People tend to take bad decisions in hurry which leads bad consequences and I feel are the least creative.In one of the research it is shown that people who work under great pressure fail to be creative on that day and also the next two days as well (Bill Breed: 2004). This does not allow people to engage in the problem properly and are unable to come up with a better idea. To be creative it is necessary to concentrate on the particular problem, et the problem soak into your brain completely and then let the ideas flow out, thus creativity need preparation time (Bill Breed: 2004).An example to support this myth would be of Sir Isaac Newton who was one of the greatest scientists; he also impressed many people with his knowledge on bible. His most famous theories he discovered was the motion and gravitation, thus known as the â€Å"apple story'. He was able to discover his theories when he had the eighteen months gap when his school was shut due to the plague in the summer 1665 (Chris Pinnate: last visited 2917/13). Therefore, no expert can be creative under time pressure even the world's renowned scientists too k eighteen months to discover his theories on motion and gravity.The fifth myth states that â€Å"Money is a creativity motivator† (Bill Breed: 2004) this myth is also very much untrue. Creativity comes from within one's self and the only motivation for creativity is by verbal motivation. A person presenting his creativeness and ideas should be recognized by others and supported in order to be motivated. Studies suggest that many people said that money isn't everything and it is not elevate on a daily basis.For those who want to show their creativeness's they do not need any money all they need is a little confidence to show what they are capable of. Individuals who work towards money feel that their works performance will affect their compensation are most likely to be less creative. They should be happy with their compensation they receive and research has also shown that workers are more creative when they are interested on their work and are able to extend their skills (B ill Breed: 2004).An example to illustrate this myth would be of the website Flicker. Ludicrous the inventors of flicker had before started a online multilayer gaming software in the year 2002-3, after about an year they realized on the software they had created there was this chat that enables gamers to share pictures and videos and they thought even though they got this big gaming software, they decided to get rid of it and make the sharing of pictures and videos into a big business so that's how flicker was invented (Scott Bergen: 2008).So the above example clearly states that although ludicrous was making profits out of the gaming business, but still decided to o ahead with their creative idea and started the flicker business with confidence. Therefore money was not a motivating factor that had driven them to start flicker. â€Å"Creativity takes courage† – Henry Matrices The sixth myth state that â€Å"Creativity comes from creative people† (Bill Breed: 2004 ) is not true at all. Everyone has the capabilities to become creative; it takes knowledge, skills and experience.This specially happens in organizations where the managers feel that only certain employees in the organization are creative like in marketing and research and development departments and the rest of them aren't like in the retrieve enough then there are barriers to creativity in which the employees are unable to tap their creative potential, thus reducing the success of the business (Bill Breed: 2008). People also Judge people in not being creative if they are not from a creative background and not anywhere in the creative field.There instances where somewhere is doing something creative and a very negative comment is given towards that creativity which results in that persons potential being dropped and loses confidence, but not all people lose hope after being rejected some keep trying until they where they want to be An example to challenge this myth would be Steve J obs who is a university dropout and was not anywhere creative neither had a creative background until he started at Hewlett-Packard.While working there he came up with this idea of personal computers and shared his idea with Hewlett-Packard and wanted them to build the personal computer unfortunately they had rejected his idea. What so ever, he never gave up on his idea and started with his friend Steve Waking to build the personal computer and came up with apple (Scott Bergen: 2008).Therefore, no matter how negative comments and rejections you get about your creativeness or idea , Steve Jobs never gave up on his idea and passion and had his company apple bigger and better than Hewlett-Packard. â€Å"Be a yardstick of quality, some people aren't used to an environment where excellence is expected† – Steve Jobs. The seventh myth â€Å"Creativity is Just one eureka moment† (Harold Evans: 2005) this is the type of myth that people have a strong belief in.They tend to wait for an eureka moment to come rather than tapping their creative side and bringing out the artistic within them. When an individual is working on a particular work and is unable to solve it, working for days and keeps thinking about the work in order to find a solution to it and finally when the brain realizes what that work process was all about and in the end the solution for that work problem is all clear in your mind, that is when the eureka moment happens (Wisped).Although Archimedes did have is eureka moment that was not true, he was already an intelligent person and he was already working on finding a solution. He simply kept his mind open and was thoughtful and observing and taking time to connect the puzzle when he finally unconnected the puzzle he screamed eureka (Andre Duran: 2013). An example to confront this myth is Henry Ford although he did not have his eureka moment, but he was creative enough to come with the assemble line idea after failing twice with two au tomobile companies (Robert Greene: 2012).