Henry Thoreaus Where I Lived and What I Lived For and E.B. Whites Onc

Henry Thoreau's Where I Lived and What I Lived For and E.B. White's Once More to the Lake At first glance, Henry Thoreau’s, Where I Lived and What I Lived For, and E.B. White’s, Once More to the Lake, have nothing in common. After several readings; however, one can interpret that both authors have the same message. Even though Thoreau and White use extremely different styles, they both portray nature as the simplest way of life. Thoreau writes an argumentative essay in the 1800’s trying to persuade society to â€Å"simplify† by going back to relying on nature instead of technology (50 Essays pg. 417). White writes a 1900’s narrative about his visit to his childhood lake where he shockingly discovers how nature reveals the essence of life. While Once More to the Lake by E.B. White is a subtle portrayal that compares nature to simplicity, Where I Lived and What I Lived For by Henry Thoreau is a clear-cut approach in comparing nature to simplicity. Henry David Thoreau, an advocate of naturalism and self-sufficiency, performed an experiment in order to develop a theory on the role of nature in society. One of the outcomes of this experiment is his essay, Where I Lived and What I Lived For. Thoreau argues that humanity is too dependent on technology and the government. â€Å"An honest man has hardly need to count more than his ten fingers, or in extreme cases he may add his ten toes, and lump the rest,† (50 Essays pg. 417). Thoreau explains that people do not need educational institutions to teach mathematics because nature has already given us the tools to learn all subjects. Nature gives us our common sense; therefore, school is unnecessary. Where I Lived and What I Lived For also criticizes the fact that humanity depends too mu... ....B. White both have a main goal--to reverse the blindness of humanity to nature. These authors use nature to explain the essence of life. People currently strive to obtain the most money, the most food, the most of everything. Humans originated from nature but it has become foreign to society because of the way that man has committed himself to the economics of the nation. Henry David Thoreau states in Where I Lived and What I Lived For, â€Å"simplicity, simplicity, simplicity,† (50 Essays pg. 417). E.B. White’s Once More to the Lake is an example of what nature can do to a man. He came to grips with his own mortality at the lake. White then began to appreciate his life and the simplicity of it. These two essays inadvertently go hand in hand where Thoreau defines and White exemplifies. Thoreau and White both compare nature to everyday life, but at different capacities.

All About Florida Essay -- essays research papers fc

Did you know that for ever person that lives in Florida, four more people visit the state every year? Tourism makes up eighty-one percent of Florida’s gross state product. Also, â€Å"no trip is complete without tasting a fresh-picked orange or a slice of Key lime pie† (Heinrichs 11). The excellent weather and awesome beaches in Florida are irresistible to tourists. Florida’s early history, geography, climate, wildlife, and economy will be explained thoroughly in this paper.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Florida was first settled over 12,000 years ago when people from Asia migrated to the Americas over the Bering Land Bridge. The first European to set foot on the North American continent was the Spaniard Juan Ponce de Leà ³n. In Spain, there were rumors of a spring bubbling with the magical waters of youth (Heinrichs 15). He set out determined to uncover many rumors about the New World. On March 27th, 1513, he went ashore near present-day St. Augustine and called the area La Florida for one of two reasons. It was either because it was Easter time (Pascua Florida in Spanish) or because of all the flowers he found there (Florida is Spanish for â€Å"flowery†). Unfortunately, Leà ³n was killed by an Indian attack on his second expedition of the area in 1521. The next explorer to try his luck in Florida was Pà ¡nfilo de Narvà ¡ez. Gold was the object of his voyage to Florida, but he found none when he went ashore in Tampa Bay in 1528.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The first actual settlement in Florida and North America as well was Fort Caroline. It was built by French Protestants who needed refuge from persecution. The fort was built at the mouth of the St. John’s River. When King Philip II of Spain heard about the French colony, he sent Admiral Pedro Menà ©ndez de Avilà ©s to eliminate the fort. He set up a fort where Leà ³n originally landed and called it San Augustin (St. Augustine). This became the first European settlement in North America that still exists today. The Spanish colony thrived with 140 Franciscan missions and forts. However, by the 1700s, British and Indian raids burned out most of the mission forts. Florida went under British control in 1793 when the Seven Years’ War ended. However, Spain regained Florida when the American Revolution ended in 1783. Spain finally lost Florida to the United States in 1819 when the Adams-Onà ­s treaty was signed between the U.S. an... ...l eat: fish, crabs, shrimp, sharks and octopuses. Mines in Florida contain phosphate rock, petroleum, and natural gas, fuller’s earth, kaolin, limestone, thorium, and zircon.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Florida, nicknamed The Sunshine State, is a tourist and retiree magnet. The state’s high temperatures, exotic wildlife, and sunny skies attract people of all ages. Even the first Spanish explorers to the area thought it was a paradise. A leading producer of oranges, Florida’s economy is growing faster than any other state’s. From the shallow swamps of the Everglades of the south, to the â€Å"hammock† studded forests of the north, Florida is a truly unique state. Florida’s early history, geography, climate, wildlife, and economy stand out from other states. It is a state that should be visited at least once in a lifetime. Works Cited: Blakey, Arch F. â€Å"Florida†. World Book Encyclopedia. World Book Inc.2000. Vol. 7, pp. 242-265. â€Å"Florida Almanac from NETSTATE†. NETSTATE.COM [Online State Almanac] (NSTATE, rev. 2001, 1997; accessed 5 June, 2001); available from http://www.netstate.com/states/alma/fl_alma.htm. Heinrichs, Ann. Florida. Danbury, Connecticut: Children’s Press, 1998.

Hip Hop America Essay -- essays research papers

Hip Hop America Nelson George's Hip Hop America discusses the nature of hip hop along with the relationship between African Americans and America. Many take the idea of hip hop to be just African Americans and rap music. George continually focuses on hip hop's many contradictions. He addresses how hip hop represents race, ethnicity, class, gender, and generation. George covers much familiar ground: how B-beats became hip hop; how technology changed popular music, which helped to create new technologies; how professional basketball was influenced by hip hop styles; how gangsta rap emerged out of the crack epidemic of the 1980s; how many elements of hip hop culture managed to celebrate, and/or condemn black-on-black violence; how that black-on-black violence was somewhat encouraged by white people scheming on black males to show their foolishness, which often created a huge mess; and finally, how hip hop used and continues to use its art to express black frustration and ambition to blacks while, at the same time, refering that frustration and ambition to millions of whites. Chapter 3 and chapter 16 â€Å"da joint and beyond† really caught my eye. Chapter 3 â€Å"gangsters-real and unreal† summarized the image of the â€Å"hood† and crime filled areas where people are regularly being robbed, shot, and killed. It also told how drugs came about and became a new indusry. It also became popular among musicians and soon became a way to employ young poor teens who lived in these â€Å"hoods†. As many ...

Television Media Analysis: The Cosby Show

These important interpretations can help individuals cake wise decisions about what they should watch, read, listen to and rely on for Information and entertainment (Barman and Davis). Although many people now rely on sources such as the Internet and smartness for breaking news stories, television still remains a major source for information and entertainment for many Individuals and families. This paper will attempt to presents model for television media analysis using Art Silversmith's keys to media analysis.The TV show that will be analyzed Is regarded as one of the most famous television programs in history, â€Å"The Cowboys Show†. Silversmith's keys for Interpreting media messages as well as critical thinking skills will be incorporated in this selection analysis. In 1939 when television began, blacks were projected as mere servants and simple-minded people. Blacks and whites were certainly depicted as inherently different beings. Early sitcoms in the 1 sass such as Amos n Andy continues with negative portrayals of black people which depicted mostly lazy, loud, uneducated blacks as the stereotype for their race.Then In the sass other sitcoms followed along the same lines such as Sanford and Son and Good Times (Cesareans). The Cowboys Show, which first aired in 1984, was the most popular television program in the nation for four consecutive years and remained a favorite show for a total of seven years. This Important show effectively functioned to change the way Americans would view the roles of race and gender on television forever. The Cowboys Show was a sitcom on NBC about a successful black American family. Cliff, the father, was an obstetrician and his wife Claim was a successful attorney.The story was about their daily lives and challenges of raising five children In a very busy household. The show offered a different theme when compared to all other shows being televised at that time. The Washable family was an upstanding upper-middle class b lack family who offered sharp contrast to other programs that portrayed blacks as stereotypical low- Income, uneducated hustlers (White Racism). Bill Cowboys and script consultant Alvin Postnasal functioned as media communicators as they shared the common purpose of incorporating humor as a means to help project a more positive image of the black American family.They purposefully avoided overt racial issues but chose to SE a softer approach such as referring to the names of black colleges Instead of predominantly white colleges. One of the episodes showed the Washables celebrating Martin Luther King's birthday as they discussed his famous â€Å"l Have a Dream† speech (Cesareans). The use of nationally broadcast television allowed the subtle content of tons snow Into ten majority AT American noses. I Nils post call ruling movement era was a perfect time to provide a more diverse ethnic awareness for the American public. The intended audience for this show included both white a nd black American families.Overt racial issues were avoided in an effort to avoid making the audience uncomfortable. Family values as well as current social issues were common themes on the program. The father, Cliff, also overtly supported his wife's feminist stances on some episodes, which was also not common in the media during that era. This was truly the first family of television for many years. The scripts were constantly screened to make certain that no humor would be demeaning. The show really acted as a catalyst for changing how television portrayed black Americans.

Xbox 360 vs Ps3

Samuel Clark March 12, 2010 ENGL112 Compare/ Contrast Essay â€Å"Microsoft XBOX 360 versus Sony Playstation 3† The video game industry has come a long way since Magnavox released the Odyssey in 1972. It has become an extremely lucrative business allowing for huge upgrades on new consoles. The current generation of consoles is dominated by Microsoft’s XBOX 360 and Sony’s Playstation 3. In the last generation the Microsoft XBOX was considered by many critics as a better console than the Sony Playstation 2. This generation has brought about more competition among the systems, as there is more technology for each manufacturer to take advantage of. While there are similarities in the two, it is their differences in which the Playstation 3 takes advantage of the XBOX 360’s miscues. Real differences start to appear when you get into the consoles’ features. Sony has equipped the Playstation 3 with Blu-ray, Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth capabilities standard on each console (Falcone). None of these comes with the XBOX 360; however Wi-Fi and HD DVD attachments are available separately (Bakalar). In addition Playstation 3 is backwards compatible, meaning that games from previous generations are playable on this system. The XBOX 360 plays older games only if you purchase a hard drive unit. Finally The Xbox 360 charges a fee for online play and usage whereas the Playstation 3 does not. Also both consoles have Netflix capabilities. Each of these consoles present examples of how far our technology has come. Microsoft offers far superior web support, however the features that come standard on the Playstation 3 are pricey attachments on the XBOX 360. On the other hand, the XBOX 360 is sold for $100 less than the Playstations 3. Because of the exclusive games and the features that come with it, the Playstation 3 has a bit of an advantage over the XBOX 360. Nevertheless, in a market that sustains itself on rapidly evolving technologies, it would not be wise to get comfortable at the top for anyone. Works Cited Bakalar, Jeff, and John Falcone. â€Å"MIcrosoft Xbox 360. † Rev. of Xbox 360, by Jeff Bakalar. www. cnet. com. CNET, 11 Sept. 2009. Web. 19 Mar. 2009. http://reviews. cnet. com/? consoles/? microsoft-xbox-360-20gb/? 4505-10109_7-3135

The Logistics Industry Planning in Ruoqiang, Xinjiang Province

The Logistics Industry Planning in Ruoqiang, Xinjiang Province Chapter 2: The Theoretical Review of the Logistics Parks’ Planning Theory 2.1 The Theoretical Review of the Logistics Parks’ Planning Method A long-run building period together with the complexness during building is the chief feature in edifice logistics Parkss. Constructing a logistic park demands immense financess, and it is non profit-making in a short clip. Now under a ferociously competitory market, it is even more of import to carry on the planning method analyzing, particularly when during the existent building procedure, tonss of problems’ arising are due to a deficiency of sensible planning methods. In China, such jobs and misinterpretations are: ( 1 ) blindly enveloping the land ; ( 2 ) little theoretical analyzing on logistics parks’ be aftering method ; ( 3 ) deficiency of be aftering footing ; ( 4 ) no clear cognition on logistics parks’ map ; ( 5 ) deficiency of in-depth probe on market demands [ 4 ] . 2.1.1 Logisticss Parks’ Planning Methods: Current Research Situation in Foreign Countries MSFLB Model: presently there are few foreign bookmans concentrating on logistics park be aftering methods. The chief planning methods are summarized by the Fraunhofer Research Institute of Germany. They studied many typical international logistics parks’ planning and building procedure and summed up the common characteristics as five stairss. MSFLB are in fact the acronyms of the undermentioned five stairss: Market Study, Strategic Positioning, Function Design, Layout Design and Business Plan. 2.1.2 Logisticss Parks’ Planning Methods: Current Research Situation in China ( 1 ) Planing method based on Highway Transportation Network: by following a â€Å"two-stage† perusal method, the research worker foremost locate the site of logistic park harmonizing to metropolis logistic volume and distribution characteristics. Then in phase two, based on the rule of minimum logistic and route web capacity-expansion cost, they bring in the bi-level scheduling theoretical account to set urban logistic park planning into the whole urban transit web planning system, so as to reflect the route network’s influence to the layout of urban logistic Parkss. [ 6 ] ( 2 ) Planing method based on the Industrial Park: this planning method follows a series of phases such as map placement, planning and planing construct, map construction, and route traffic organisation construct. Each of the above-named phases besides contains a series of act uponing factors severally, so this planning method is a particular 1. [ 7 ] ( 3 ) Planing method based on urban installations: the interior decorator adopts the urban planning method to carry on logistics Parkss undertaking. The metropolis map orientation, layout planning, transit planning and a series of other specific be aftering methods are applied into the logistics parks be aftering procedure, so as to do certain it goes on smoothly and comprehensively. ( 4 ) Planing method base on weight coefficient: Chinese bookman Zhang Qian considered the chief factors of the regional distribution park and by utilizing nonsubjective rating method, he set up a regional distribution park planning theoretical account. Then by carry oning an overall rating on regional distribution park’s planning based on weight coefficient, he fixed the optimum strategy and applied this chosen strategy into existent planning of logistics Parkss. [ 9 ] 2.1.3 Current Research Situation of the Logistic Parks in Xinjiang Province By and large talking, the economic development in Xinjiang state still remains comparatively developing, and therefore a spread does be between other eastern states and Xinjiang in logistics industrial development. Presently, there are several Chinese bookmans concentrating on the perusal of the logistics industry development in Xinjiang state. Scholar Tangmin from Xinjiang University published his article â€Å"A Study on the Relationship between the Logistics Industry Development and the Economic Growth in Xinjiang Province† , in which he studied the logistics overall state of affairs, supply and demand state of affairs in Xinjiang, based on Xinjiang’s regional characteristics and economic development degrees. He besides conducted a qualitative and quantitative research on the relation between logistics development and economic growing, and gave several suggestions on how to advance the logistics industry development in Xinjiang state [ 10 ] . Fangmin and Ying Shaomin in their article â€Å"Thoughts on the Informatization of the Logistics Industry of Xinjiang Province† pointed out the necessity to transport on the informatization building procedure every bit good as offered some suggestions [ 11 ] . Wu Jing from Shihezi University listed some jobs in Xinjiang logistics industry development in his article â€Å"Research on Logisticss Industry and Economic Development in Xinjiang Province† , and offered some practical solutions. Ge Ju and Jiang Zhiqing in their article â€Å"Prediction and Analyzing on the Logistics Demand in Xinjiang Province† pointed out the influential factors of logistics demand based on their analysis on the features of the logistics industry in Xinjiang [ 13 ] . From the literary reappraisal above, it is clear that many bookmans have already conducted research on Xinjiang logistics industry. However, a practical logistics park be aftering method suitable for the economic development and run intoing the m arket demand in Xinjiang state has non yet been formed. 2.1.4 Analysis on the Planning Method 2.1.4.1 The Concept of the Planning Method and the Current Theories Planing method has ever been highlighted since the center of the 19Thursdaycentury, and the innovators are some bookmans analyzing land economic sciences and regional geographics, such as Edgar Hoover, Johann von Thuen, August Loseh, Melvin Greenhut, Walte Isard and T. Palander. In be aftering determination procedure, transit cost was the common topic for those earlier surveies. Though many constructs were already formed under the status in agricultural and pre-industrial society, but those bookmans still used them. The betterment and development of the topics of operational research and logistics provide opportunities for installations be aftering method, which were therefore non limited to pure theoretical surveies ; alternatively, more practical mathematical theoretical accounts were set up. During the planning procedure, the undermentioned methods are normally adopted: ( 1 ) The mathematic analysis planning method: this solution combines weight and distance, seting the two factors as the co-ordinate points, and logistics nodes the variables. The concluding solution strategy is to find the coordinate place of the logistics nodes through co-ordinate and mathematic analyzing methods ; ( 2 ) Linear optimisation be aftering method: this solution’s advantage is its effectual optimisation technique, so normally it is adopted as a tool in strategic logistics be aftering. Under certain restraints, this method could assist you take a best solution strategy from many options. ( 3 ) Analog simulation engineering be aftering method: this solution could set the computer’s 3-dimensional simulation engineering into the existent application in logistic parks’ planning and designing, and repair the planning of logistic nodes. At present, there are two simulation engineerings, viz. , inactive simulation and dynamic simulation. 2.2 The Theoretical Review of the Logistics Parks’ Planning Technology In logistic Parkss be aftering, now many bookmans at place and abroad hold made intensive survey about the following four parts: demand anticipation, site choice, land scale confirming and park map. Many of their research findings have been put into practical usage successfully, and we have got some successful instances for our mention. Therefore, this paper will give you a literary reappraisal on these theoretical research consequences every bit good as some successful instances. 2.2.1 Logisticss Parks’ Planning Technology: Current Research Situation in Foreign Countries 2.2.1.1 Planning Technology of Demand Prediction ( 1 ) Multinomial Probit Model: Scholar Rodrigo A. Garrido and Hani S. Mahmassani ( 2000 ) have forecasted freight transit demand with the space-time polynomial probit theoretical account [ 14 ] . ( 2 ) Multivariate Cointegrating Vector Auto Regressive Model: Mudit Kulshreshtha and other bookmans have made the cargo clip sequence informations as their research aim, evidenced by field survey on Indian railroads. They introduced the multivariate cointegrating vector car regressive theoretical account into freight conveyance demand anticipation. 2.2.1.2 Planning Technology of Site Selection Sing the site choice theory and method survey of logistic Parkss, few instances could be applied for our mentions. At present, some research consequences are related to distribution centres, logistic centres and warehouse location, while in bing foreign paperss, there is barely any reference about the footing debate on logistic parks’ site choice. 2.2.1.3 Planning Technology of Land Scale Confirming ( 1 ) Operational Research Model: based on operational research theory, bookmans such as Weber [ 16 ] ( 1929 ) , Beckman [ 17 ] ( 1968 ) and Drener [ 18 ] ( 1995 ) have made surveies on logistic Parkss land graduated table. ( 2 ) Integral Programing Model: Scholar Noritake and Kimura [ 19 ] ( 1990 ) have brought frontward the built-in scheduling theoretical account to gauge haven logistics land graduated table. 2.2.1.4 Research on the Function of Logistic Parks’ Planning In comparing, presently more researches have been conducted on the micro-layout planning of the logistic park than on its internal map planing [ 20-21 ] . 2.2.2 Logisticss Parks’ Planning Technology: Current Research Situation in China 2.2.2.1 Planning Technology of Demand Prediction ( 1 ) Unary Linear Regression Analysis Model: base on value volume and nonsubjective volume, Chinese bookmans Liu Changxiu, Zhang Wuyi and Lin Qiang chose the unary additive arrested development analysis method to calculate the comprehensive lading volume of Yunnan state and demonstrated that the entire logistics cost of Yunnan state appeared an increasing inclination with rapid growing of comprehensive lading volume [ 22 ] . ( 2 ) Grey Prediction Model: Chinese bookmans Han Yanhui, Wang Yanlin and Chen Chao analyzed the types of chief industries in Erduos part and predicted the end product of ladings of chief industries with gray anticipation method. The consequences showed that the end product of ladings of chief industries would maintain fast increasing velocity in the hereafter [ 23 ] . ( 3 ) MATLAB Software Model: Chinese bookmans Tang Zhongming and Fu Xinping illustrated the basic rule of using MATLAB package to foretell logistics demand, and successfully conducted a rapid anticipation on cyclicity inclination logistics demand on the MATLAB platform [ 24 ] , and forecasted freight transit demand with the space-time polynomial probit theoretical account [ 14 ] . ( 4 ) MLP Neural Network Forecasting Model: base on their surveies on MLP unreal nervous web, Chinese bookmans Hou Rui and Zhang Bi brought a regional logistics demand calculating theoretical account. This theoretical account non merely explained the nonlinear relationship between regional economic system and regional logistics demand but besides put frontward a new thought and methodological analysis for regional logistics demand calculating [ 25 ] . ( 5 ) Combination Forecasting Model: based on the rule of the least mistake absolute value, Chinese bookmans Chu Liangyong, Tian Zhiguang and Xie Xinlian combined the arrested development analysis, Grey prediction and nervous web to organize a combination calculating theoretical account in logistics demand. They verified the theoretical account with concrete illustration. The consequence of mistake analysis showed that it well improved preciseness of prognosis and manifested the cogencies of prediction of logistics demand [ 26 ] . 2.2.2.2 Planning Technology of Site Selection ( 1 ) Center of Gravity Method: Chinese bookmans Wang Qionglin and Zhang Tingting used Goolge Earth package and carried out the logistic parks’ site location by utilizing the method of center-of-gravity. They besides evaluated each campaigner reference by fuzzed comprehensive rating method to deduce the optimum reference [ 27 ] . ( 2 ) Factor Analysis Method: Chinese bookmans Zou Xiaoping and Guan Dongmei put frontward the method of taking Logistics Park by factor analysis method. Using this method, the music director first chooses each campaigner address’s act uponing factor, so they grade each campaigner strategy based on those factors, and at last, they calculate the entire points of campaigner strategy, viz. , the whole weight of the campaigner strategy. The concluding site strategy is the 1 with the highest entire weight [ 28 ] . ( 3 ) A-F Method: based on combing normally used comprehensive rating methods in logistics Parkss location, Chinese bookmans Ji Dan and Guo Zheng made comparative survey on many factors, and they drew the decision that each individual rating method has its ain advantages and disadvantages, therefore they should be integrated, in which the A-F method ( Analytic Hierarchy Process and Fussy Comprehensive Evaluation Method ) has a comparatively better publicity value. ( 4 ) CFLP Model: Chinese bookman Xu Chengtie, Zhu Xiaoning and Xu Xiaobing analyzed the rules for distribution-centered logistics parks’ be aftering and based on this, they suggested the CFLP ( Capacitated Facility Location Problem ) theoretical account and offered a quantitative processing method for site location job [ 30 ] . ( 5 ) Non-Structural Fuzzy Optimal Model: Chinese scholar Tan Minjun and Wang Xiong comprehensively considered assorted factors act uponing the logistics Parkss site location in the decision-making procedure. By utilizing a non-structural fuzzy optimum theory, they fixed the campaigner references weight and determined the concluding site by the size of each vector measure [ 31 ] . ( 6 ) Combined Evaluation Model: Chinese bookmans Zhang Dezhi and Xie Ruhe offered a combined rating theoretical account. Compared with former traditional calculating method, this theoretical account enjoys a better pertinence [ 32 ] . 2.3 Brief Summary of this Chapter This chapter is the theoretical portion of the whole thesis. First, a theoretical literary reappraisal on logistics parks’ be aftering methods is given and the writer makes a comparative analysis on the typical logistics parks’ be aftering methods at place and abroad, summaries the features of those be aftering methods and specifies their Scopess of application. Then, a theoretical literary reappraisal on logistics parks’ be aftering engineering is offered. The writer surveies on the planning technologies’ current research state of affairs from the following four facets: demand anticipation, site choice, land scale confirming and the map of logistics parks’ planning, so the writer analyzes the four planning technologies’ importance grade. Finally, based on the elaborate theoretical literary reappraisal on logistics parks’ be aftering method and engineering, this chapter lays the foundation for the planning method of Xinjiang logistics Parkss.

Josef Mengele †the Angel of Death Essay

After the war many Nazi doctors were tried at Nuremberg, for war crimes and crimes against humanity. Yet the man who became the most infamous Nazi doctor — although Hitler himself may never heard of him — fled to South America and escaped prosecution. He was never caught and convicted, though he lived for decades thereafter. Mengele, called ‘Uncle’ by the countless children he subjected to gruesome experiments and unthinkable torture, and known as the â€Å"Angel of Death† in the concentration camps, was responsible for the torture and deaths of 400,000 people, and the torment of thousands more. The most important thing to note about Mengele is that he was not an isolated example of an evil maniac gone berserk. He was simply part of a system and a much wider network of Nazi doctors. His work may have been different from those of the other doctors only in quantitative terms not qualitative terms. Today, the Auschwitz experiments of Josef Mengele remain the most egregious example of the collaboration of unscrupulous researchers with equally unscrupulous senior scientists and prestigious scientific institutions – which is a phenomenon that could be happening on a wide scale in our own times, especially in matters of drug trials of giant pharmaceutical corporations. In 1947, the world learned of what is now the most infamous scandal in medical research: medical experiments conducted by Nazi doctors. Nazi doctors performed a variety of extremely disturbing experiments on prisoners in concentration camps. Some experiments were designed to further the war effort. For example, to study gunshot wounds, Nazi doctors shot inmates and examined their wounds. To study diseases such as typhus, Nazi doctors intentionally infected inmates with disease. To study human capacity to withstand exposure to cold, Nazi doctors stripped inmates and exposed them to icy water or blizzards. However, the majority of experiments had less to do with winning the war and more to do with promoting or substantiating Nazi ideology. Doctors were interested in sterilizing undesirables, â€Å"curing† homosexuality, and establishing anthropological differences between races. To find an effective means of mass sterilization, Nazi doctors injected hundreds of women with a caustic substance in the hope of obstructing their fallopian tubes, and inflicted severe burns and infections on both male and female prisoners by exposing them to high doses of radiation. To â€Å"cure† homosexuality, Nazi doctors injected hormones into inmates suspected of being homosexual. To catalog physical differences in race, Nazi doctors killed a number of prisoners, stripped the flesh off their bones, and saved their skeletons for an anthropological museum. Dr. Mengele is among the best known SS physicians at Auschwitz, and was responsible along with other SS doctors for â€Å"selections† and medical experiments that used prisoners as guinea pigs. Mengele could never have thought of himself as a monstrous psychopath, though, but only as a â€Å"biomedical scientist† participating in a broad program of racial research. During the Holocaust Mengele and many other Nazi physicians used thousands of camp inmates, especially those with disabilities and â€Å"deformities† as subjects for their biomedical racial â€Å"research. â€Å" Born in the Swabian section of Bavaria in 1911 into an upper middle-class family, Mengele eventually earned two doctorates. The first doctorate was in physical anthropology at Munich under Theodor Mollison in 1935 and the second was in medicine at Frankfurt under Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer in 1938. He received his license to practice medicine in late 1937 but apparently did not pursue certification in a specialty. Instead, he opted for research. As a student of anthropology, he had studied under the leading exponents of the â€Å"life unworthy of living† theory and it greatly influenced his thinking and behavior. The notion that some lives were not worth living was rapidly becoming academically acceptable. His two dissertation supervisors were eugenicists, and his dissertations in anthropology at Munich and in medicine at Frankfurt both dealt with research in racial hygiene. After finishing his second doctorate, Mengele continued his research in Verschuer’s Frankfurt Institute for Hereditary Biology and Race Hygiene. As principal investigator, Verschuer supervised the research of numerous assistants under a variety of DFG (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft – German Research Foundation) research grants. Verschuer’s 1938 report to the DFG on this sponsored research, focusing on the genetic study of twins and families, lists the work and publications of his assistant Mengele. Although Mengele did not join the Nazi party until 1938, he belonged to the brown-shirt storm troopers, the SA, during 1933-34 and in 1938 joined the SS. As an SS member, he was drafted during the war into the Waffen SS instead of the Wehrmacht, advancing by 1943 to the rank of captain (Hauptstrumfuhrer). He served as an SS physician to the Eastern front until he was wounded and therefore posted to the concentration camp death head units in the rear. He functioned during 1943-1944 as one of the SS physicians at the Auschwitz-Birkenau extermination camp. In his new post, Mengele performed the usual duties of a concentration camp SS physician as well as the special Auschwitz assignment of directing selections for the gas chamber. In addition, Auschwitz opened up unlimited opportunities for the ambitious researcher. Research subjects were available in large numbers, and the restraints of medical ethics did not apply. Further, Mengele could compel highly skilled inmate physicians to design and conduct research, perform tests and autopsies, and produce research papers, without the need to share credit with them. It is therefore not surprising that Mengele used Auschwitz as a research laboratory. Otmar von Verschuer, Mengele’s mentor who was himself a protege of Eugen Fischer, had left Frankfurt for Berlin in 1942 to succeed Fischer as director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Anthropology. Mengele had worked at the institute during SS assignments to Berlin and thus continued to contribute to Verschuer’s research projects (Cefrey 62). When Mengele went to Auschwitz, Vershuer realized the potential of this posting, and as principal investigator, he carried Mengele’s Auschwitz experiments on his DFG grants. Therefore, Mengele’s experiments — that often necessitated the killing of children, thousands of them (especially twins) — were part of the official program and in pursuing his shockingly macabre â€Å"research† he was only following the broad lines of Nazi research agenda. Driven by the desire to advance his medical career by scientific publications, Dr Mengele began to conduct all kinds of utterly atrocious medical experiments on living Jews, children, twins, disabled people, and all those who fell into the Nazi category of ‘Untermenschen’ – all of whom he took from the barracks of the concentration camp at Auschwitz, or ‘selected’ right away on their arrival, and brought to his hospital block. Mengele used the pretext of medical treatment to kill thousands upon thousands of prisoners, personally administering the horrific torture procedures, for example as by injecting them with phenol, petrol, chloroform, or by ordering SS medical orderlies to do so. From the moment of his arrival at Auschwitz, Mengele joined the other SS officers and SS doctors, among them Dr Clauberg and Dr Kremer, in the ‘selection’ of Jews reaching the Auschwitz railway junction from all over Europe. With a movement of the hand or the wave of a stick, he indicated as ‘unfit for work’, and thus destined for immediate death in the gas chambers, all children, old people, sick, crippled and weak Jews, and all pregnant women. Between May 1943 and November 1944 Mengele conducted, also along with Dr. Heinz Thilo, scores of such selections. Mengele was especially on the lookout for twins and other promising research subjects (Lifton 165). He also took an equally decisive part in several selections in the camp infirmary, pointing out for death by shooting, injection or gassing those Jews whose strength had been sapped by starvation, force labor, untreated illness or ill-treatment by the guards. On May 26, 1943, only two days after he arrived at Aushwitz, Mengele committed his first mass murder. There was a typhoid epidemic in the barracks of over a thousand Gypsies who had been brought to the camp two months earlier. For Dr Mengele, typhoid was not an illness to be cured, but one to be eliminated; that day, all the Gypsies were dragged out of their barracks and driven to the gas chambers. Against their names in the camp register were put the letters ‘SB’ – ‘Sondebehandlung’, Special Treatment. This was just a sign of much worse things to come. In perpetrating a host of such ghastly â€Å"medical and scientific experiments,† Mengele was of course being an independent member of a larger cohort of wanton butchers. These Nazi doctors most brazenly forsook their Hippocratic Oath and armed themselves with scalpels, forceps, and needles in inflicting immeasurable pain and torture on hundreds of thousands of innocent people, a significant portion of them being children. Mengele regularly mailed the results of his research on twins to the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute. There scientists analyzed the samples of blood obtained before death and the organs obtained after dissection. It was a systematic, organized and purposeful enterprise. Though few of these doctors collected scientifically valid data and many of the experiments were expressions of pure pathological sadism, the Nazi doctors justified their acts of torture and inhumanity as attempts to improve German medicine and advance science. Mengele himself, through his research on twins, dreamed of being able to genetically engineer a flawless race. The ultimate goal was to produce an ideal race of Aryan men and women endowed with only the finest genetic traits, who would rapidly multiply and rule the world. (Lagnado, Dekel 61) Of the approximately 350 doctors who are estimated to have committed medical crimes, only about 20 doctors and 3 assistants were brought to justice in Nuremberg (Spitz 50). Some others were tried, and sentenced to in American military trials at Dachau. Still many doctors escaped, including one who would become the most infamous of them all, Dr. Josef Mengele. Human experimentation neither arose with the Nazis, nor ended with them; however, the history of human experimentation in the West is usually divided into two eras: before the Nazis and after. Mengele is by no means such a grotesque aberration as he may appear to be at first. Nazi doctors perpetrated some of the most horrendous actions during the Third Reich, but the shadows of Auschwitz and Nuremberg are long. Though Mengele escaped scot-free, we at least know about his evil deeds; there may be many others of his ilk alive today and even working in collaboration with reputed organizations whose work we may never even come to know. Works Cited Cefrey, Holly. â€Å"Doctor Josef Mengele: The Angel of Death† New York : The Rosen Publishing Group, 2001 Lagnado, Lucette Matalon; Dekel, Sheila Cohn. â€Å"Children of the Flames: Dr. Josef Mengele and the Untold Story of the Twins of Auschwitz. † New York : Penguin Books, 1992 Lifton, Robert Jay. â€Å"The Nazi Doctors: Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide† New